tude, and in the civil war that followed the Jews favored Tryplio. Jonathan now engaged in many active and successful campaigns against llie forces of Demetrius, conquered much adjacent territory to the east and south, fortitied Joppa. and finally renewed his efforts to reduce the Syrian garrison in the strong fortress of Jerusalem. He was now a powerful prince with a wellilisciplined army of over 40,000 men, and Trypho .<aw that he must be crushed if his own ambitious designs were to succeed. He entrapped .Jonathan by artful means, and at first held him for a ransom, but after the ransom was paid foully murdered him (B.C. 143). Jonathan was eminently the politician of the three brothers whose careers were so glorious. His administration of eighteen years was a con- spicuous success. It was comparatively easy for his brother Simon, who succeeded him. to reap the benefits of .Jonathan's policy, and secure, in the following year (B.C. 142). complete inde- pendence for the Jews,
JONATHAN BEN UZZIEL, iizzi'el or
flz'zi-6l. A Jewish scholar, disciple of Hillel
(q.v.), who lived about the time of Christ. He is
the traditional author of the Targum. or Aramaic
translation of the ])rophets. but proof of his
authorship is entiicly lacking: the Targum
Pseudo-.Jonathan also formerly passed as his
work. Xo details of Jonathan's life are known.
See T.VRCiUM.
JONATHAN OLDSTYLE. See Oldstyle, JONATHAX.
JONATHAN WILD, The History of. A novel by lielding (1743), in which the fictitious adventures of a real person are narrated. Wild was a notorious villain, who was executed at Tyburn for burglary in 1725, after having, as a detective, brought a large number of malefactors to the gallows.
JONCIERES, zhOx'svar', Felix Ludger (called irTORiN- de) (1839-190.3). A French composer, born in Paris. He studied harmony at the Conservatory under Edward and counterpoint and fugue with Leborne. His admiration for Wagner maile him (juarrel with Leborne. and he left his classes. In 1871 he became critic on La Libert^-. One of his earlier works was the inci- dental music for Eamlet (1864). Sardaruipale (1867) : and Le dernier jour de Pomp^i (1869) were criticised for lack of knowledge in the man- agement of voice and orchestra ; but Dim itri (1876) w-as a great success, and despite the fail- ure of La reine fierthe (1878), Le chevalier Jean (1885) was well received. His other works in- clude the oper.a Lancelot, the Orerture de concert (1860). Fantaisie nuirche (1861), a concert for violin (1860), f^i/mphonie romantigue. La nier (1881), a choral symphony, and other instru- mental music.
JONCKBLOET, yonk'bloot, Willem Jozef Axories (1817-85). A Dutch critic and histo- rian of literattire. born at The Hague. In the t'niversity of Leyden he studied medicine, then jurisprudence, and finally literature. He was professor at the Athen^um of Deventer (1847), and at the University of Groningen (1854). In 1864 he was elected to the Lower House of the States-General, but in 1877 returned to literary work, as professor of the literature of the Nether- lands at Leyden. He edited many medieval works, both Dutch and French, but his more im- portant publications are: Geschiedcnis der mid- dennederlandschc dichtkunst (1851-54) ; Etude sur le rnman de Kenart ( 1863) ; and (Ivschicdcnis der ,U,rlan<l<,el(e /( //c (/.' (last edition 1890).
JONCTIJS, or JONCTYS, yoijk'tls. Damel
( 1600- ?) . A DuUh poet, born at Dort. He stud-
ied medicine, and began to practice at Dort;
but the theological party caused him to leave the
city on account of a satirical poem. De lUden-
daii(/sclie Venus en Mineria (1643), directed
against them. He afterwards became a judge at
Itotterdam. His liuzelyns Ooyjes ontleed (1620-
23 ) , a series of love poems, was at one time much
admired.
JONES, Alexander (c.1802-63). An Ameri-
can inventor, journalist, and aiithor, born
in North Carolina, of Welsh descent. After
studying medicine in I'hiladelphiii he went to
practice it in Jlississippi ; but while there under-
took to invent an inijjroved cotton-gin, which
ultimately replaced the old. and maile himself
so famous that he received an offer to siiperin-
tend the introducticm of his imj)rovemenls into
Hindustan cotton-fields. This he declined, but
his ingcnuitj' found further outlet in a street
sweeper, which he invented while engaged in
journalistic work in New- York, and in the formu-
lation of a code of ciphers, the first employed
by the Associated Press, of which he was agent
(1850). For several "ears he was the writer on
c<niimercial topics for the New York Herald,
contributed to other American and English
papers, and wrote Cuba in. IS.TI (1851) ; Histor-
ical Sk-eteh of the Electric Telegraph (1852):
The i'limri of Serenty-Six (1855).
JONES, Alfred (1819-1900). An English en-
graver, born at Liverpool. He came to America
at an early age. and studied at the National
Academy of Design, where he received first prize
in 1839. For .several years he was an illustrator,
and then was appointed engraver for the Ameri-
can Bank Note Company. His works include
"The Image-Breaker." after Leutze. and "The
Capture of !Major Andre,' after Durand.
JONES, Alfred Gilpix (1824—). A Cana-
dian statesman, born in Nova Scotia, and edu-
cated at the Y'armouth .Academy. His active in-
terest in politics did not begin until 1865. when
the movement for Canadian confederation brought
him out as one of its opponents, and. after the
death of the Hon. Joseph Howe, he became the
leader of the Nova Scotia opposition to that plan.
In 1867 he was elected a member of the Dominion
Parliament for Halifax, and, joining the Liberal
Party in federal politics, was made Jlinister of
ililitia in the Cabinet of Alexander .Mackenzie,
an odice which he held in 1874-78. He served an
additional term as member of the Dominion Par-
lian)ent during 1887-91. .Jones, though a United
Empire Loyalist by descent, and during his ear-
lier career a Conservative, later became a warm
svipporter of commercial union with the United
States, and in general was opposed to schemes
of Imperial consolidation, whether in trade or
politics.
JONES, Anson (1798-1858). A President of
the Republic of Texas, born at Great Barrington,
Mass. He studied medicine, and after living for
short periods in Philadelphia, New Orleans, and
South America, finally, in 1833, settled in Bra-
zoria County, Tex. He was a surgeon in the
Texan Army during the war between that coun-
trv and Mexico, and after the cessation of active
