JOSIAH. 297 JOSSELYN. Israel. As a result of the efforts of Elijah, tlisha, and of such prophets as Amos and Hosea, two principles became established : ( 1 ) the wor- ship of Yahwei to the exclusion of the Canaau- itish Baalim; (2) the centralization of Yahweh- worship in the sanctuary at Jerusalem. The times seemed ripe for taking a decisive step in the new direction, and Josiah favored the move- ment. A reaction set in after Josiah's death, but the Yahwist zealots had gained their point, and a new direction was given to religious de- velopment among the Hebrews. The reign of Josiah seems to have been a peaceful one until the close, when Xecho II.. King of Egj-pt. thought the time opportune, since Assyria's fall was imminent, to attempt to regain control of Syria and Palestine. Josiah encountered the Egyptian forces, and met his death on the plain of Megiddo (II. Kings xxiii. 29-30). His death was regarded as a national calamity, and must have been particularly startling to the pious, who felt that so zealous a follower of Yahweh was certain of divine favor and help. The religious reaction after Josiah's death against the Deu- teronomic reforms may have been a direct conse- quence of the consternation that his tragic fate aroused, which naturally raised a doubt as to the correctness of the step taken by him. JOSIAH ALLEN'S WIFE. The nom-de- plunie of ilarietta Holley, and the title of one of her humorous sketches. JOSIAS, yo-ze'as, Friedbich, Prince of Saxe- Coburg (1737-1815). An Austrian general, son of Duke Franz .Josias of Coburg. He entered the Austrian army in 1756; sened in the Seven Years' ^ar and against the Turks (1788-91), commanding a battalion and winning the battle of Martinestye. He was made field-marshal lieutenant for his serices in this campaign, and in 1793 was put at the head of the army in the Netherlands. Here he was remarkably successful until the battle of Fleurus. which forced hira to retire from Belgivim ( 1794 ) . He left the array soon after and lived in quiet at Coburg. Con- sult Witzleben, Prinz Friedrich Josias von Co- lurg-Haalfeld (Berlin, 1859). j6sIKA, yo'shl-ko. Miklos, Baron (1796- 1865). An Hungarian novelist, bom of a distin- guished family, April 28. 1796, at Torda, in Transylvania. In his youth he served for some time in the Austrian army, and then for many years devoted himself to agriculture and studv. He was a member of the Transvlvanian Diet" in 18.34 and again in 1847. His first works appeared in 1834 under the title of Irnni/ (Tendency) and Vdzolatok (Sketches), and were exceedingly popular. From that period till the revolution in 1848 he wrote about sixty novels. all of which were published at Budapest and most of which have been translated into Ger- man. The most important are: Abafi (1836) ; Az utolso Bntory (The Last Batorv. 18381 ; Zriyu/i a kiilto (The Poet Zrinyi. 1840) ; .1 Csehek Maqi/nrorsztifjban (The Bohemians in Hungary, 1840) ; and Josika Islran (Stephen .Tosika — one of the author's ancestors — 1847). Involved in the Hungarian revolution, he had to leave his native country, and afterwards he resided at Brussels, where he continued his literary work. In 1864 he removed to Dresden, where he died in 1865. Among his productions written in exile are: Egy Magyar csaldd a forradalcnn alatt (A Hungarian Family During the Revolution) ; Die Familie ilailly, like the foregoing first in German; Eszier (Esther) ; and A tizegedi bos- zorkdnyok (The Witches of Szegedin). JOsika was a thoroughly natural novelist, and drew his materials almost wholly from the history of his o^vn land. He has been called the Walter Scott of Hungary, being the real founder of the his- torical novel of that country. Consult his Memoirs. EmUkirat (Budapest, 1865), which he was writing at the time of his death. JOSIP'PON, Book of. A Hebrew chronicle, written in Italy in the tenth century, and giving a history- of the world from the Creation imtil the overthrow of the second temple by Titus. It claims to be a translation of Josephus. but the author employs the works of other writers, some of them very late. Lucian, Strabo, and Saint .Jerome were among his sources, and the book contain* much extravagant legend. The author calls him- self .Joseph ben Gorion. The Jewish historian Graetz (History of the Jeies, vol. iii., p. 180) holds that the work was originally written in Arabic, but this view has not been accepted. The look was first published in 1476 at ilantua, and during the following centuries enjoyed great pop- ularity, several editions appearing besides trans- lations into Latin and German. JOSQUIN', zhos'ka.x', Depees. See Depk^s, JOSQUIX. JOSS (a pidgin-Eng. corruption of Port, deos, from Lat. deiis. god). A pidgin-English term which IS sometimes found in modem books of travel, in newspapers, etc. as well as coUoquiallv in connection with Chinese matters. It is uscl for God, and is also applied to Chinese idols (.Joss), temples, and churches (.Joss-houses), the gilt paper on which charms and amulets are printed, or neatly wrapped up (-Joss-paper), and also to the fragrant incense sticks (.Joss-sticks) set to burn before the idols. The .so-called 'stick' is a paste made of the dust of various scented woods held together with clay, which in its com- l)Ustion serves as a rude measure of time at night. Joss-pidgin means religious ceremony, and clerr^3^llen and priests are spoken of as 'Joss- pidgin men.' JOSSE, zhos, ^MoxsiEtTt. In Moli&re's L'Amour Medecin, a jeweler who advises the purcliase of jewelry for the cure of lovesickness. The reply, "Vous etes orf&vre. il. .Josse" ("Y'ou are a jeweler, M. Josse"), has become a prover- bial expression for advice given in one's own interest. J0SSEL'5rN', jos'lin. .John (seventeenth cen- tury). The author of one of the earliest ac- counts of the English settlements in Xew Ensr- land. He was the son of Sir Thomas .Josselyn, a k-night of Essex. England, where he was bom probably early in the seventeenth century. His brother Henry had sailed for Xew England as the agent for .John Mason, the patentee of Xew Hampshire, in 1634, and had continued in the service of ^lason's successor. Sir Ferdinando Gorges. It was at bis brother's solicitation that .John .Josselyn visited Xew England in 1638, sailing from England late in April of that year and arriving in Boston on .July 2d. Thence, after calling upon .John Winthrop and .John Cotton, to whom he had letters, he proceeded to Black Point, Scarborough (ilaine). where his brother Henry was stationed. He returned to England in Octo-
