JOVANOVIC. 304 JOWETT. revolt in Krivosije in 1882, and was soon after- wards transferred to Dalmalia. JOVANOVid, Vlawmir (1833—). A Ser- vian statc-sniau and author, born at Shabatz, and educated at Altenburj; in Hungary and at iiohenlieim. His radical pulities forced liini from his post in the Department of Kinance and from a journalistic jiosition at Belgrade. He became a leader of the Young Servian National L'nion in 186G, and three years afterwards was tried for complicity in the murder of I'rince ^iHehael, but was acquitted. In 1872 he became a member of the Skupshtina, and in 1870 was appointed to the Ministry of Finance, in which office he did fc'ood service during the war between Servia and Xurke.v. Jovanovic translated into Servian many works on economics, especially Hoschcr and Jlill, and wrote: Les Herhes et la iiiissioii de la Hcrbie dans VEurope d'Orient (1870), and Emancipa- tion and Vnity of the Serbian Isation ( 1871 ) . JOVE. See Jupiter. JOVELLANOS, Bo'va-lya'nos, Gasp.4^b JIkl- CHioi! DE (1744-lSll). A Spanish statesman and author. He was born at Gijon, in Asturias, of an ancient Spanish family, and studied at the uni- versities of Oviedo. Avila, and Alcalii. In 17G7 he was made judge of the criminal court of Seville, in 1778 chief justice of the King's Court at Jladrid, and in 1780 member of the Council of State. Here he made the acquaintance of Campo- manes (q.v. ) and other prominent literati of Spain, and became a member of several scientific societies. His connection with the adventurer Cabarrus brought about his banishment to Gijon (1790), where he labored for seven years to pro- mote the material and social welfare of his native province. He was restored to favor for a short time and made ilinister of Justice, but, because of his enmity to the favorite Godoy, was presently banished once more to Gijon and in 1801 cast into prison, whei-e he remained for seven years. On the French invasion he was released ( 1808 ) , and when Joseph Bonaparte became King he was offered the portfolio of the Interior. Declining the office, he joined the Patriotic Party, was chosen a member of the Central Junta, and helped to re- organize the Cortes. Stung by the violent opposi- tion and hatred he met, Jovellanos retired to Gijon. whence, on the occupation of the town by the French, he escaped to Vega, where he died. He was the author of nimierous compositions in prose and verse. Of the latter the most cele- brated are the tragedy El Pelayo and the comedy of Kl dclincuente honrado. Jovellanos was a man of fine spiritual feeling and versatile genius. His fervent desire to restore his country to its former rank in politics and literature inspired all his actions, and gained him the love of the best ele- ments in Spain. JO'VIA'NTJS, Flavius' Cr-AUDnrs. Roman Emperor (a.d. 303-304). the son of Varonianus. a noted general of the period. He was captain of the life giiards (rnmrs ordinis domesticorum) of the Emperor .Tulian. attending him in his disas- trous campaign against the Persians. Julian having fallen in battle. .Jovianus was proclaimed his successor by the army. His first task was to save his army, harassed by the Persians, and suf- fering greatly for want of provisions. He reached the Tigris in safety, hut found it impossible to cross, exposed as he was to attack from the Persian force. The Persian King Sapor proposed as terms of peace that the Romans should sur- render their conquests west of the Tigris, together with the fortress of Nisibis, and many other strongholds in ilesopotamia, and should bind themselves not to aid the Armenians, with wlmm the Persians were tlicn at war. His troops being in great distress, Jovianus sulmiitted and marched westward. He surrendered Nisibis to the Per- sians, the inhabitants removing to Amida, which became the chief Roman town in Mesopotamia On his arrival at Antioch he proclaimed himself a Christian, and rescinded the edicts of Julian against the Christians, granting protection to such as remained pagans. lc ujjheld the Xicene or orthodox creed, against tlie .rians, and re- stored the bishops who had suilered at their hands. He reinstated Athanasius in the See of Alexandria, from which lie had been driven by the Arians. Acknowledged by the various prov- inces, he set out from Antioch for Constantinople, stopping at Tarsus to pay funeral honors to Julian's remams. Continuing his journey in un- usually severe cold, of which several of his at- tendants died, he reached Ancyra, where he assumed consular dignity, and a few daj's after came to Dadastana in Galatia. The next morn- ing, February 17. A.n. 304. he was found dead in his bed. Some attribute his death to suffocation from the fumes of a charcoal fire in his room; others, with more probability, to the dagger or poison of an assassin. He was thirty-three years of age, and had reigned seven months. Valen- tinian I. was proclaimed Emperor by the army. JOVINIAN. An Italian heretic of the fourth century. He was an opponent of monachism, of celibacy, and of the maceration of the body l)y fasting, but himself remained unmarried. He held that JIary. after the liirth of Jesus, ceased to be a virgin, that the blessedness of heaven does not depend on the merit of good works, that a Cliristian cannot sin wilfully, but will resist and overcome the devil. He advocated his opinions first at Milan, but, Ambrose forbidding their propagation, he went to Rome about 388. He and those who followed him were condemned and ex- comnumicated in councils held at Rome and at Jlilan in 390. Pope Siricius confirmed the .sentence, and the Emperor Honorius enacted laws against the Jovinians. Their leader was banished to the lonely island of Boa, off the coast of Illyria, where he died before 400. But his opinions spread, and it was said that .several nuns in Rome married. Augustine came forth in defense of the orthodox principles and practices of the ascetics, endeavoring by argimient to reconcile them with reason and Scripture, and .Jerome fol- lowed in the same defense. JO'VIUS, Paulus. An Italian humanist and historian. See Gl0, Paolo. JOWETT, jou'et. Bex.tamin (1817-93). A distinguished Engli.sh scholar and educator. He was born in Lonoon and cdiicated at Saint Paul's School and at Balliol College, O.xford. where he was elected to a fellowship before he took his degree in 1839 with a first class in greats, and to a tutorship in 1842, which he held until he became master in 1870. He was ordained deacon in 1842 and priest in 184.5. His religious views, originally evangelical, were disturbed by the ex- citements of the Oxford ilovement, and especially by daily intercourse with W. G, Ward, also a fel- low of Balliol. He was carried in the direction
