JXJDD. 312 JUDE. this position when the second Republican national convention convened in Chicago in 1800, and to the adroit political nianagemciit of Judd, Joseph Medill, and Leonard Swett is probably due, as much as to any other one thing, the nomination of Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1801 he was appointed by President Lincoln Minister to Prussia, where he remained until 1805, and suc- cessfully exerted his influence to prevent the recognition of the Confederacy. Having returned to America in 1805, he was elected to Congress in 1808, and served two terms. He was one of the committee of managers of President Johnson's impeachment on the part of the House. The most important legislation of which he was the author was the act creating inland ports of entry and providing for shipment of goods in bond into the interior of the country. In 1873 he was Collector of United States Customs at Chicago. For twenty years before his death he was the best-known rail- way la^-j'er in the country, and was closely con- nected at one time or another with the develop- ment of most of the great Western trunk lines. JUDD, Orange (1822-92). An American ag- ricultural journalist, born near Xiagara Falls, N. Y. He graduated at Weslpyan University in 1847, was editor of the American Agriculturist from 1853 to 1883, agricultural editor of the ycio York Times from f855 to 1803. editor of the Prairie Farmer from 1883 to 1888, and after- wards of the Orange Judd Farmer. For many years he exerted a great influence on the agri- cultural progress of the United States, and largely through his eff'orts and financial aid the first State agricultural experiment station was established in 1875 at Middletown, Conn., in the Orange Judd Hall of Natural Sciences, which, about that time, he had donated to Wesleyan Uni- versity. JUDD, SYL^■ESTER (1813-53). An American clergyman and author, born at Westhampton, ' Mass", Julv 23. 1813; died at Augusta. Me., Jan- uary 20. i853: a son of Sylvester Judd (1780- 1800), the antiquary. Judd. who was brought up in the orthodox faith of New England, was sent to Vale College, whence he was graduated in 1830. Soon after leaving Yale he changed his religious opinions and entered the Cambridge (Mass.) Di- vinity School, was graduated in 1840, and there- upon became pastor of a Unitarian church in Au- ' gusta. Me., where he remained until his death. Miile a divinity student he wrote A Young Man's Account of Bis Conversion from Calvinism. He was author also of Margaret: .1 Tnle of the Real and Ideal (1845). a romance which had some vogue, being highly praised by Lowell and con- taining some good descriptions, although a very uneven performance: a chaotic Unitarian dra- matic poem, entitled Philo: .An Erangeliad (1850) ; another rnmance. Kichard Edney and the Governor's Family: A Rxis-Vrhan Tale (1850), a parallel tale to Margaret ; and Tlie. Church: In a Series of Discourses (1857). He also lectured on social questions, particularly against intem- perance, slavery, and war. As a Unitarian .Tudd was important l>ecause his idea of 'the birthright Church,' i.e. that children should be religiously trained and admitted to the Church at adoles- cence, has grown steadily 'cf. G. V. Cooke. TJni- farianism in America, 1002. p. 240). His ncr-el Marqaret is still sporadicallv praised by ICew Knuland critics. Consult his I/tfe and Character, by Hall (Xorthampton, Mass., 1882). JUDE (variant of .7 wrfa.?). One of the broth- ers of .Tesus. according to Mark (vi. 3) and Matthew (xiii. 55), who mention him along with .James, .Joses^ and Simon. He was not a believer in the ilcssiah until after the resurrection (Acts i. 14; .lolm vii. 5; cf. Mark iii. 21). Beyond the hints that he was in .lerusalcm after the Ascension (Acts i. 14) and was a married man (I. Cor. ix. 5), nothing is known of him in the Xew Testament, unless, with tradition, the Epistle of Jude (q.v. ) be ascribed to him. Some theolo- gians consider him a cousin or a half-brother of the Lord, rather than a real brother. JUDE, Epistle of. The last of the twenty- one Epistles of the New Testament. It is both an exhortation (3) and a reminder (5) to the beloved readers in view of the presence in their churches of ungodly men who deny Christ as the Lord and are full of lust. The reminder (5-10) , based on references to God's dealings with the 'ungodly' in the past, is methodically ar- ranged in five sections, in each of which the his- torical case is first stated, and then followed by a clause introduced by the favorite apocalyptic 'these,' indicating the points of comparison be- tween the present 'ungodly' and those of the past, namely, denial and lust. In these two main points they are like the people in the Wilderness, the fallen angels, and the Sodomites ( 5-8 ) , but are unlike Michael, who did not blaspheme (9-10) ; they are like Cain, the blasphemer; Balaam, the lustful; Korah. the denier : but are unlike nature, which follows the divine order (11-13) : they are like the 'ungodly' of Enoch (14-10) and the lust- ful mockers of whom the Apostles s])oke ( 17-19) . The exhortation (20-23) bids them not only to preserve themselves in God's love, by building themselves up by faith, prayer, and hope, but also to act aggressively, though lovingly, with the 'ungodly.' to the end that those who are not too far gone may yet be saved. The contents reveal both in language and thought close affinities to apocalyptic literature, especially to Enoch (quoted in 14-151 and Assumption (Testament) of Moses (9). allusions to both of which books appear in almost every verse. The emphasis on the denial and the lust of the 'ungodly' reveals the presence in the churches of a mischievous tendency which in general may be called Gnosticism; that is, a one-sided intellcc- tualism which is chary of the ethical imperative. The theoretical aberration does not seem to have advanced so far as the Docetism of the .Tohannine and Ignatian Gnostics, but seems rather to be Antinoniianism. tlie well-known and popular cari- cature of Paul's doctrine of freedom. At all events, it is the practical rather than the specu- lative heresy which receives the brunt of the author's .serious denunciations. Unlike the Gnos- tics of -John and Ignatius, who are simply .sepa- ratists and individualists, caring nothing for brotherly love, these 'ungodly' are both separat- ists (19) and gross materialists — lascivious, glut- tonous (12), and avaricious (11, 10). The author was on the point of writing a gen- eral homily on 'our common salvation.' but. on hearing of the conduct of the 'ungodly' at the Inve-feasts (12). writes instead the specific re- minder and exhortation. Possibly, but not cer- tainly, the people addressed are to be sought in Antioch of Syria, a theory which would account for their acquaintance with Paul and the Apos- tles, for the prevalence of Gentile vices, and for
