JUDGMENT. 319 JUDICIAL NOTICE. fixed, and the sentence of God is passed in accord- ance with its choice. There is general agreement that the linai judgment is pronounced upon as- sembled humanity, and includes in the basis of its award the consequences to the wliole race of the acts of the individual. Its purpose is also partly the glorification of God by this public exhibition of His justice. The judge is Christ not only in His divine but also in His liuman nature; this triumphant exaltation is considered as the complement of 'His humiliation to the death of the cross. The place is supposed to be the earth ; the time, a secret in the counsels of God until it arrives. In scientific circles Herder's view that the history of the world is the judg- ment of the world is widely prevalent. It is expected that the earth will some day become uninhabitable, and the life of the human race will cease, and that ultimately the planet will be destroyed by tire. But tliis disappearance of the earth is regarded as quite nonnal and with- out serious eflect upon the life of the infinite universe. Consult: Sijderbloni. La vie fuliire (Paris, 1901); Charles, Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life (London, 1899) ; Bousset. Die Rcliyion des Judcntuma im neutcs- tamrntlichen Zeitnltcr (Berlin, 1903) ; Bautz, Weltgericht und Weltende (Mainz, 1886). See ESCIIATOT.OGY; l5tjrOKT.LITT. JUDGMENT OF GOD. See Okdeal. JUDGMENT OF PARIS. The title of paint- ings by Kubens in the Dresden Museum, tho Louvre, and the Xational Gallery in London. Paris is represented seated on a stone in a forest with the apple in his hand, listening to the advice of Mercury, while Juno, Minerva, and Venus await his decision. JUDIC, zhu'dck'. AxXA Damtens, Madame (1849—). A French actress, born July 17, 1849, at Semur. In youth she was a shop girl in Paris, but entered the Conservatoire, and in 1867 made her debut at the Gymnase. The following year, at the Eldorado, she quickly won a popu- larity which was increased by a visit to Belgium in 1S71. Later she became a leading attraction at the Bouffes-Parisiens and the VariOtes, and has toured successfully in Europe and America ( 18S.!i-86) , In 1893. a'fter a period of retirement, she appeared again as a cafe-concert singer. JUDICATURE ACTS (Fr. judicature, from ML. judicatura, jvidicature. from Lat. judi- carc. to judge). The usual description of the important legislation of 1873, 1875, 1877, and 18S1. whereby the judicial system of Great Britain and the procedure of the courts were radically altered and transformed. The acts comprehended in that designation are the 36 & 37 Vict., ch. 66, and 38 & 39 Vict., ch. 77, with amendments in 37 & 38 Vict., ch. 83, and in the laws of 1877. ch. 9, and 1881, ch. 68. Most of the courts affected by this legislation were of great antiquity. The Court of Common Pleas (q.v.), the Court of King's (or Queen's) Bench (q.v.), the Court of Exchequer (q.v.), the Court of Admiralty (q.v.), the Court of Probate, and the Court for Divorce and ilatrimonial Causes, were all united and consolidated and were declared to constitute one 'Supreme Court of Judicature.' This court was divided into two permanent di- visions, one of which, 'Her Majesty's High Court of .Tustice,' was invested with original jurisdic- tion of causes, together with appellate jurisdic- tion from certain inferior courts, which were not abolished; and the other, "Her Jlajesty's Court of Appeal,' was given such appellate juris- diction as might be incident to the determination of any appeal. See C'oukt. The most important change in procedure ef- fected by the judicature acts was the provision that law and equity should be concurrently administered by the same court, and that equi- table defenses should be allowed in legal actions. The distinction between legal and equitable rights was not abolished, but the same judge or court was authorized to administer both kinds of relief. These provisions make the powers of the High Court of Justice quite analogous to those of the superior courts of original jurisdiction in many of the United States luider codes of pro- cedure. A further important change in pleading and practice was the abolition of the old forms of action (q.v.). ^^■hile all the elements con- stituting a legal claim or defense must be set forth in a pleading, in pleading the pleader is not confined to an artificial and arbitrary form as before, but is simply required to deliver to the defendant a concise statement of his claim and of the relief or remedy to which he claims to be entitled, or a brief statement of his defense, as the case may be. A third important change in procedure was a provision that an absolute assignment of contract debts and other rights of action should be deemed to pass all legal and equitable rights and title thereto, provided that notice was given to the person liable, and that the assignee should have all legal and other remedies for the enforce- ment of such rights. This obviated the necessity which existed under the old practice, of an assignee of a right of action, as a claim for money due, suing in the name of the former owner thereof. By these acts all jurisdiction vested in the judicial committee of the Privy Council (q.v,) upon appeal from any judgment or order of the High Court of Admiralty, or from any order in lunacy proceedings made by the Lord Chancellor, or any other person having jurisdiction in lunacy, was transferred to and vested in the Court of Appeals, See Chaxcert, Court of : Ecclesia.stic.l Courts ; Fobms op Action : Ple.vdixg ; Practice, JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL. See Privy Council, section on Judicial Committee. JUDICIAL NOTICE. The recognition by a court of tlie existence, nature, or truth of some- thing involved in an action, on the theory that it is self-evident, or that it is a matter of such common knowledge as not to require any proof to establish it. The doctrine originated in the civil law and has always existed in the English and American law. It is a rule founded on ex- pediency and convenience, adapted to save time in the trial of an action. The questions as to what facts are such matters of imiversal knowl- edge or certainty as to warrant judicial notice being taken of them, rest largely in the discretion of the court, and this is exercised with great caution. In most jurisdictions, by statute, cer- tain matters of both law and fact are required to be judicially noticed, such as the attestation of a copy of a public record by the proper officer under the great seal of the State, or that the publications of the State printer contain authen-
