JULIAN. 325 JULIE. are his Refutation of the Christian Religion, de- stroyed by the efforts of Theodosius 11., and mem- oirs of his (German campaign and his diary. We possess a series of Letters, addressed to literary men; nine orations: a satirical work called Ccesares; and the curious Misopogon, in which Julian ridicules the people of Aiitioch. The best edition of the complete works of Julian is that of Hertlein (2 vols., Leipzig. Teubner. 1875-76) ; there is an English translation in the Bohn Li- brary, and a complete French translation by Tal- bot (Paris, 1863). Consult: Gardner, Julian, Philosopher and Emperor, in Heroes of the Na- tions Series (Xew York, 1895) ; Hoffmann. •/«- lianus der Ahtriinnige (1880) ; and Dill, Roman Society (London. 1899). JXJLIAN, Cardixal (GirxiANO Cesabini) ( 1398-1444 j. A cardinal of the fifteenth centurj-. He was born at Rome of noble family, educated at the Universitj' of Perugia, and became profes- sor of jurisprudence at Padua. Pope ilartin V. made him apostolic prothonotary and advanced him through successive grades to Cardinal Bishop of Fraseati. He also appointed him to preach and lead a crusade against the Hussites, which turned out disastrously for the Cardinal (1431). He became president of the Council of Basel (q.v. ) and there exerted himself to win back the Hussites by peaceful measures. When the quarrel between Pope Eugenius IV. ( q.v. ) and the Coun- cil broke out, Julian defended the independence of the Council and its superiority over the pontiff, at the same time defending the cause of the Pope against the attacks qf many leaders of the Church. Finding the Coimcil unwilling to meet his views, he changed his course and became a firm adherent of Eugenius. When the Pope trans- ferred the Council to Ferrara ( see Ferb.ra-Fix)B- ENCE, Couxcii. OF). Julian resigned the presi- dency and hastened to the latter place. He was prominent there and at Florence in the negotia- tions with the delegates of the Eastern Church. Later Eugenius sent him to Hungary to stir up a crusade against the Tiirks. He was killed in the flight after the battle of Varna, Xovember 10, 1444. JULIAN, CouxT. A governor of the Spanish Goths, whose daughter Florinda was said to have been betrayed by King Eoderic. In revenge Julian allied himself with the Saracens and changed his faith in order to overthrow Roderic. He is the title-character of a fine closet-drama by Landor. JULIAN, Geobge Washixgtox (1817-99). An .inerican political leader, born in Centreville. Ind. He received an academic education, taught school for several years, studied law. and in 1840 was admitted to the bar. His political career began with his election as a Whig in 1845 to the State Legislature. In 1848 he became one of the leaders in the 'Free-Soil' movement, was a dele- gate to the Buffalo convention in that year, and in the following year was elected to Congress by a coalition of AVhigs and Free-Soil Democrats. In 1852 he was the candidate for Vice-President on the Free-Soil ticket with .John P. Hale. He entered with his accustomed enthusiasm into the movement for the oiganization of the Xational Republican Party, and was a delegate to the party's first convention at Philadelphia, where he wa? chairman of the Committee on Organiza- tion. In ISOn he was elected to Congress as a Republican, and served by reelection until 1870. He was a member of the famous joint committee on the conduct of the war, and later was a mem- ber of the committees on reconstruction and on public lands, serving as chairman of the latter for eight years. He joined the Liberal Repub- lican movement in 1872, and supported Greeley tor the Presidency. Thenceforth he acted with the Democrats, and in 1885 was appointed by President Cleveland surveyor-general of public lands in Xew llcxico. He published : Speeches on Political Questions (1872); Political Recol- lections (1884) : and a Life of Joshua R. Gid- dings (1892). JULIAN ALPS (Lat. Alpes Jidice). The southernmost extension of the Eastern Alps. They extend from the Carnic and Venetian Alps, on the northeastern borders of Italy, southeast- ward through the Austrian coastland toward the Karst (q.v.) Plateau, near Triest (Map: Austria-Hungary, D*4). They consist chiefly of calcareous slate and dolomite, and are extremely rough and wild in configuration, with romantic valleys and waterfalls, and beautiful mountain lakes surrotmded by forest-covered heights. Their highest peak is the Triglav, with an altitude of 9394 feet. JULIAN CALENDAR. See Calendar. JULIA 'NUS, Salvius (c.92-c.l.55) . A Ro- man jurist, of the liberal school of Ateius Ca- pito. As praetor in 131 he codified Roman equity as it then existed. His work was made binding for the future, so that no later pra?tor could modify the law. Besides this edictum perpctuum, his writings are many: in .Justinian's pandects there are many quotations from his Digesta. He laid down the legal principle that any ex-pr.Ttor had the jus respondeudi, and that it was not con- fined to those senators authorized by the Em- peror. Consult Buhl. Salvius Julianus (Heidel- berg. 1886). JULICH, yuliK (Fr. Juliers). A town of the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Roer, 18 miles from Aix-la-Chapelle (!Map: Prussia, B 3 ) . It has manufactures of paper, leather, and sugar. Population, in 1900. 5459. .Jiilieh was strongly fortified till 1860. when the forti- fications were demolished. It was long the capi- tal of an independent duchy. On the death of the Duke of Jillich without heirs, in 1609. began the Julich-Cleves War of Succession. The dispute was not settled till 1666. when the possessions of the old ducal house were definitively divided be- tween Brandenburg and the County Palatine of Xeuburg, the former taking CHeves. Hark, and Ravensberg. and the latter Jiilieh and Berg. The line of Counts Palatine of Xeuburg becoming extinct in 1742. Jiilieh passed to the Counts Pala- tine of Sulzbach, afterwards Electors of Bava- ria. Bv the Peace of Luneville it was annexed to France, but in 1814 was assigned to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna. JULIE, zhu'le', ou, La Xoitvelle HfiLOisE (Fr.. .Julia, or the Xew Heloise). A famous sen- timental novel by 3. J. Rousseau, written at the Hermitage between 1757 and 1759. and published at Amsterdam in 1761. The story is told in the form of letters between .Julie d'Etanges and her tutor and lover. Saint-Preux. Separated by her father, the lovers kept up a correspondence, from which .Julie's mother discovers the story of her dishonor and dies in conseq<ience. Julie marries Wolmar, and leads a blameless life, but her hus-
