JULITTS. 327 JULY KEVOLUTIOJT. in Italy. In pursuance of liis designs, he entered into the League of Canibrai (1508) with the Emperor JIaxiniilian, Louis XII. of France, and Ferdinand ol Aragon ; later, when the immediate purpose of the league had been attained, fearing the ambitious designs of Louis, he withdrew and entered an opposite alliance, the Holy League. Louis attempted to force the Pope to call a gen- eral council for the reform of the Church, and actually had a synod convoked at Pisa in 1511, with tlie cooperation of some disaffected car- dinals. Julius replied by calling the fifth Lateran Council. (See L.vtekax Council.) The Holy League finally triumphed over France in Upper Italy, and Bologna. Eeggio, Parma, and Piacenza ■nere assured to the Papal Government; but death interrupted the further plans of Julius to break the Spanish power in Italy as well. On the whole, if less concerned with spiritual affairs than his office demanded, he had the qualities of a great statesman and general, and was also a liberal and judicious patron of the fine arts. Con- sult: his life by Dumesnil (Paris, 1873) ; Brosch, Papst Julitis 11. utid die Griindunff des Kirchen- staates (Gotha. 1878) .— Jri.n-s III., Pope 1550- 55, Giovanni Maria del Monte. He was bom in 1487 at Rome, made Archbishop of Siponto in 1512. and of Pa-ia in 1.520, and cardinal in 15.36. He was one of the three legates appointed to open and preside over the Council of Trent, which he reopened as Pope in 1551 after its sit- tings had been suspended for two years. He be- gan his pontificate zealously, and with high hopes, as when he sent Cardinal Pole to England to reconcile the Kingdom, but when discouragements came upon him he lost his energy, and died in 1555. JXTLITIS, yColi-us, Duke of Brt~^swick (1528-89). A German prince, son of Duke Henry the Younger, whom he succeeded in 1568. and whose Catholic policy he reversed. In 1560 he had married Hodwig, daughter of Joachim II. of Brandenburg. He secured Brunswick to the Keformation. and in 1576 founded the University of Helmstcdt. JtriilUS Cffi'SAR. An historical play by Shakespeare, written in 1600 or 1601 and pub- lished in 1023. It was based on Plutarch's lives of CiEsar, Antony, and Brutus, and though not the greatest of Shakespeare's classical dramas, it is a tragedy of gi'cat stateliness and force. _JULITTS ECHTER VON MESPELBRONN, yosni-us eK'ter fon nies'pel-brfin (1545-1610). A German Catholic prelate. Bishop of Wiirzburg. and a leader of the Coun-ter-Reformation. He was bom at the Castle of Mespelbronn: studied in Germany, at Paris, and in Rome at the .Tesuit Collegium Germanicum : and in 1573 became Bishop of Wiirzburg. In this post his policy was strenuous: all the Protestant clergy were replaced hv Catholics: and the records say that in a single year (1586) there were more than sixty thousand converts, and that in three years Protestantism was eradicated from his see. .Tulius was a prominent member of the Catholic League (1609). and was famed for the founding of the Julius Hospital (1570). He opened the Univer- sity of Wiirzburir f 1582) . Consult the biography by Buchinier fWiirzbiirsr. 1843). JTJXITTS VON DER TRAUN, der troun. The pseudonym of the Austrian novelist Alex- ander Julius Schindler. JT7LLIEN, zhu'lyaV, Adolpue (1845—). A French musical critic, born in Paris. He was educated at the Lycee Charlemagne, studied law, and at the same time acquired a thor- ough knowledge of music and musical litera- ture. In 1869 he began to contribute to various French musical journals, and in 1872 became feuilletonist of the Frangais and subsequently of the iloniteur Vniversel. Among his many im- portant works are: La musiqite et les philosophes au XVlIIeme siecle (1873) ; Histoire du theatre de ilme. de Pompadour (1874); La comedie & la coiir de Louis XVI. (1875); Goethe et la musique (1880): L'opcra secret au XVlIIeme siicle (1880); Richard Wngner, sa vie et ses auvres (1886) ; Hector Berlioz (ISSS) ; ilusiciens d'aujourd'hui (1S92; 2d series 1894). JTTI-1.UNDER. See Jalandhar. JULY. See Moxth. JULY, CoLriix OF (Fr. Colonne de juillet). A fluted column of bronze, on the Place de la Bastille in Paris, dedicated on July 28, 1840, to the "French citizens who fought for the defense of the public liberties on the memor- able days of the 27th, 28th, and 29th of .July, 1830." The column rests on a round base of white marble. Its square basement bears the inscrip- tion, a lion in relief by Barye, the armorial bear- ings of the city, and the dates of the conflicts. Four bands encircle the column, bearing the names of the 615 who fell in the Revolution. Their remains, together with those of the victims of the Revolution of 1848, are contained in the vaults beneath the column. In 1871 the Com- munists attempted to blow up the column by means of explosives stored in the vaults, and in the sewer beneath, but were imsuccessful. The top of the column, 154 feet above the Place, com- mands a fine view of the surroiuiding neighbor- hood. JULY REVOLUTION. The revolution of July, 1830, in Paris which overthrew the Bourbon dynasty- and brought the House of Orleans in the person of Louis Philippe to the throne of France. The policy of reaction following the Restoration, prominent during the reign of Louis XVIII. (1814-24). had become triumphant under his successor, Charles X.. the creature of the cleri- cal faction and the extremists. The royalists vere indemnified for their losses during the Revo- lution, the Jesuits made formidable attempts to regain their legal position in France, public edu- cation was under clerical supervision, and vig- orous measures were enacted against the liberty of the press. Forced for the moment to accept a moderate Ministry under ilartignae (1828), Charles X. boldly challenged liberal opinion in the country by calling to the head of affairs Count .Tules Polignae. noted as the most bigoted of the advisers of the King (August 9. 1829). Early in Jlarch, 1830. the French Chambers as- sembled, and the Lower House, in its answer to the speech from the throne, demanded the im- mediate dismissal of the new ^linisters. There- upon the Chambers were first prorogued for six months and then dissolved, but the new elections only increased the numbers of the opposition. Suddenly, on ,Tuly 26th, a few days before the new legislature was to assemble, edicts were pro- mulgated suspending the liberty of the press, de- claring the elections null and void, and prescrib- ing various changes in the franchise, which would
