JUNIPER. 834 JUNIUS. bark of juniper may be made into ropes, and in some parts of the Highlands of Scotland the roots are woven into loarse baskets. Oil of juniper, on which the medicinal properties of the plant depends, has a specific gravity of 0.839. It is obtained by distilling the unripe fruit or the twigs with water. Six drops are a dose. Spanish juniper (Jiinipcnis Oxi/ccilrus) grows in arid situations in the countries around the Medi- terranean Sea. From its fniit, which is about the size of a hazelnut, and its wood is procured an essential oil of disa!,'r<'t'ahli' odor, called hiiilc dc cade, which is used in veterinary practice, par- ticularly as a cure for scab in sheep. Virginian juniper {Jiinipcrus Mryiiiiiinu) , the red cedar of North America, is an evergreen tree, often 50 to 100 feet high, of conical form, with horizontal branches and vei-y small leaves. Its range is from Lake ChamiJlain to the Gulf of llexico in sandy or rocky places. It is often ])lanted in pleasure gardens in Kuropc. The berries are small and bright blue. The heart-wood is of a beau- tiful red color, and is valued by turner-, (oopcrs. etc., and is extensively used for making lead pencils. The wood is very resistant to decay, and on this account is in demand for fence-posts. There are often fomid on the branches fungous excrescences called cedar-apples, which are one stage in the life history of the fungus causing apple-rust. (See Arri.E. paragrajjh Diseases.) The Bermuda cedar {■/iiiiipcnis Tieriinuliana) , a native of the ISeninidas. is a small tree, with very fragrant, reddish-brown wood, which is used for furniture, pencil-making, etc., and also for lin- ing cabinets, its flavor preventing the attacks of moths and other insects. The Himalaya Moun- tains produce .several species of juniper, trees of considerable size, beautiful appearance, and valu- able wood. The Swedish juniper of our shrub- beries is merely ,i variety of the connnon juniper. There arc a number of other species of .luniperus of similar hahit and use tliroughont the world: also many dwarf species that are procumbent or trailing, .mong the larger tree forms are .Juni- perus Chinensis, Juuiperus pxeelsa. and .luniperus recurva of Asia. .Junipenis procera of Abyssinia, and Juniperus Californica, .Tuniperus oecidentalis, and Juniperus Mexicana of the Western United States and Mexico. There are also numerous horticultural varieties in cultivation. JUNIPERO, nnn-nf^pA-rri. :MiGrr:L Joslt Seeha (1713-84). A Franciscan missionary to the Indians of California. He was born on the island of ^Majorca in the ^Mediterranean, and ■when he became a priest (IT.'iO), he exchanged his baptismal name, Miguel J&s6 Serra. for the clerical one, .Junfpero. At the age of thirty-six he sailed as a missionary- to the Spanish polo- nies in America, and from 1750 until 1709 he ministered to nomadic tribes of aborigines in Mexico, t'pon the expulsion of the .Jesuits from Lower California. Father .Tunipero was ordered to take up their relln(|ui>^hed work, and while he was president of the California missions there ■were founded the missions of San Diego (1769), San Carlos (1770). San Antonio (1771), San Gabriel (17711. San Luis Obispo (1772). San Francisco (1770). San Juan Capisfrano (177fli, Santa Clara (1777). and San Buenaventura (17S2). He made many long and toilsome wilder- ness journeys to other stations, but his particular charge was the San Carlos Mission at Mon- terey, and he had under him sixteen missionaries of the Order of Saint Francis, who by 1780 had converted more than three thousand Indians, in- structed them in the arts of peace, and per- suaded them to give up their wanderings to form agricultural colonies around the ditfcrent mis- sions. These in turn rcijuircd military stations or presidios for their protection, and thus the settlement of California was begun. Father Junf- pero was buried in his own church at Monterey, now in ruins, and Father I'alon, his assistant and successor, one of the three enthusiasts who came out with him to America, left behind an interesting memoir, called 1 i</a du Junipcro. JUNIUS, yoo'nt-us, Fk.vxcisci s, the younger (1589-1077). A German philologist and an- tiquary. He was born at Heidelberg, the son of Franciscus Junius, the theologian. The family having removed to Leyden in 1592, he studied there under his brother-in-law, the celebrated philologist Gerhard Vossius. In 1020 he visited France, and in 1021 went to England, where he was appointed librarian to the Earl of Arundel, and held that olhce for thirty years, during which time he studied the Teutonic languages. His greatest work was his Uloxsariuiii (luthicinn. ( l(it>-t-G5) , in five languages, the English portion of which has been issued separately as Ktymolo- tjicum Aiiylicaiiutn. He also wrote Dc I'iclura eteruin (1037). with an English translation by himself, and published an edition of the ilothic Hosjitls of Cl/ilas (1005), with a commentary. He left his valuable manuscripts to the Bodleian Library. Oxford. JU'NIUS, Lettebs of. A famous series of seventy letters signed "Junius,' which appeared in a Loudon newspaper, the I'uliliv .Xdecrtixrr, between January 21, 1709, and January 21. 1772. The signature ".Junius' had ap|<eared for the first time on November 21, 1708, when Grafton and Camden were assailed for their behavior toward Wilkes. Revised by the author, the Letters were reprinted March 3. 1772, by Henry S. Woodfall, editor and ])rinter of the Aditr- User. In 1812 apjieared a new edition, contain- ing 113 additional letters variously signed, which were attributed to the author of Junius. The first letter in the first collected edition, which treats of the '"State of the Nation," strikes the key-note of the subsequent corrps])ondence. In it the author singles out several leading mem- bers of the Ministry, and boldly denounces their inefficiency. No sooner did the first letter ap- pear than the Court party took the alarm. An invisible and dreaded censor was evidently mov- ing among them — one who seemed cognizant of all the proceedings of both Houses, who not only knew intimately the ])ublic career of Jlinisters. but was fully informed regarding the follies and the crimes of their private character. Sir W. Draper, who entered into controversy with this unknown adversary, was in the end overmastered. The Duke of Bedford. Lord ilansfield. and. chief of all, the Duke of Grafton. -ivritlK'd beneath his lash. The gi-eatest sensation was created by the "Address to the King" (December 19. 1709), in which King fJeorgc was reminded of the fate of Charles I." Woodfall. as printer and publisher, was prosecuted, but acquitted on a technicality. The style of these letters, though somewhat stiff and formal, is remarkable for closeness of argu- ment, felicity of illustration and illusitm. and brilliant epigram. Whoever .Tunius was. he had made too many enemies to be safe in acknowledg-
