JUNIUS. 335 JTJNO AND HEBA. ing himself. The letters ■were ascribed in turn to Burke, Lord Shelburnc, Colonel Barre. Lord George Sackville, Wilkes. Home Tooke, Lord Lyt- tleton, and several others : hut the general opinion now is that Sir Philip Francis (q.v. ) was the author. The handwriting of Junius seems to be the handwriting of Francis slightly disguised, though experts are not in full agreement on tliis point. Junius, as is evident from his letters, knew the forms of the Secretary of State's office, was intimately acquainted with the business of the War Office, attended the House of Commons in 1770. and took notes of speeches, especially of those of the Earl of Chatham: denounced the promotion of Anthony Charaier in the War Office as unjust to llr. Francis, and was bound hv some strong tie to the first Lord Holland. All these circumstances in the position of .Junius correspond with the history of Francis. This and similar evidence, however, is wholly circumstan- tial. That Francis wrote the Lcf/ers of Junius has never been proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Consult the Letters, edited by Wade. Bohn's Library (London. 1854) : Chabot and Twisleton, The Hamlicritinfl of ■Junius (ib., 1870) ; Francis, Junius Revealed (ib., 1894). JUNK (JIalay ajong, jong, Chin, chu'an, chu'en, tsc'aii. Cantonesie jonk, ship). A Chi- nese vessel, often of several hundred tons. The old type junks have but one large mast with or without one or more smaller ones. !Many mod- ern junks (and perhaps some old ones were also so fitted) have two masts of about equal size. The hull appears ungainly, the stem being high and the bow low, and the lines rather full above water; but the under-water body is often found to 1)6 very finely modeled, and the woodwork of the hull strongly and beautifully put together. The sails are made of eoar'^e cloth or matting and bent to a yard, which is hoisted to the top of the mast: their height would render it difficult to make them set flat with ropes only, so that they are stiflfened by small baml)oo poles placed in a nearly horizontal direction. Host large junks are good sea boats, riding out severe typhoons in safety. JUNKER, yoonncer. WiLHELM (1842-0-2). A Russian explorer in Afiica. He was bom at ^loscow. of German p'arents. and studied first at Saint Petersburg, then at Giittingen. Berlin, and Prague. In 1S69 he visited Iceland, and first went to Africa in 1873. Having made short ex- cursions to Tunis (1S74) and Lower Egypt (187.5). he went, in 1870. from Suakin to Khar- tum, sailed up the Blue Xile. and made exten- sive trips in a western direction, returning to Europe in 1878. Toward the end of 1879 he set out on a new expedition into the territories of the Xiam Xiam and ^Manshattu to explore the basins of the Welle and the Bahr-el-Ghazal. When he was about to retuni in December, 188.1, after having obtained satisfactoi-y results, his way down the Xile was cut off by the uprising of the Mahdi. and he was obliged tfl seek refuge with Emin Pasha at Lndo. He did not succeed until 188(5 in reaching Zanzibar, whence by way of Cairo he returned to Germany and there pub- lished the results of his travels in Petermann's MitteiJunqen '1888-891. and aftern-ards coUect- ivelv under the title Reisen in Afril-ri, lS7o-S6 (Vienna, 1889-91). JUN'KIN, George (1790-1868). An Amerf- can clergyman and educator. He was born near Carlisle. Pa.; graduated at .Jefferson College in 1813, and was pastor in the Associate Reformed Church in central Pennsylvania, and after 1822 in the Presbyterian Church. In 1832 he left the Germantown ilanual Labor Academy, of which he had been head, founded Lafayette College, and served as first president of that institution fnmi 1832 to 1841. After three years as president of Miami, he returned to Lafayette, and in 1.S48 became president of Washington College (now Washington and Lee ) . Although an able de- fender of slavery, -Junkin was strongly Union in his sentiments, and resigned in 1861. He was a leader of the Old School Presbyterians. He is best known for his able administration of Lafay- ette College ( q.v. ) , where he spent much of his own fortune and his wife's to pay current ex- penses. One of his daughters married Gen. 'Stonewall' .Jackson. He wrote Political Falla- cies ( Xew York. 1863) and several religious works. Consult the biography by D. X. .Junkin (Philadelphia, 1871). JUNK'SEYLON'. An island in the Bay of Bengal. See Sal.^xg. JU'NO AXD HEIIA. The Roman and Greek names of the queen of heaven and wife of the supreme divinity. Though alike in many re- spects, the two conceptions can best be treated separately. Heka is, in all particulars, a thoroughly Hel- lenic conception, and the theoiy of Semitic origin may be dismissed in this, as in most other cases; there is. however, no general agreement as to the derivation of the name or the original nature of the goddess. While some authorities see in her an earth-goddess, or even the special earth-god- dess of Argos. and in her union with Zeus a pic- ture of the union of eai-th and heaven, others, especially Roseher, regard her as a moon-goddess, and thus especially a goddess of women, and from this relation developing into the wife of Zeus and guardian of married life. 'Diis latter school derives the name from a root sarv or harv, to protect, ef. Latin servare, so that the original form would be "Epfa. WTiatever the original nature of Hera may be, there can be no doubt as to the position she occupies in the Greek religion. She is the consort of Zeus, and their union, the 'Sacred JIarriage' (Upis ydijos). is the proto- type of human wedlock. This marriage is the centre of Hera's worship in all places. As the guardian of marriage she also assumes guardian- ship over other phases of female life, and seems to have been regarded often as a goddess of child- birth, e.g. at the births of Hercules and Eurvs- theus. though this function was usually at- tributed to Eileithyia. The cow was one of her sacred animals, and in later times the peacock was regarded as her favorite bird. The cult of Hera was universal throughout the Greek world, but was especially prominent at a few places. Argos was one of the oldest and most famous centres of her worship. The sanctuary was situated to the east of the city on a spur of the ridge bounding the Argive plain, and nearer ^Mycena" than .rgos. The old temple wa.s burnt in B.C. 423. and a building at once erected, which contained a gold and ivory statue by Polycleitus. The priestesses of the temple were matrons, and were held in high honor, as it was by the years
