JURASSIC SYSTEM. 341 JURISDICTION. The Jurassic was a time of great geographical clianye in Xorth America. During this era the Appalachians were subjected to extensive erosion. A gulf spread northward from the Southern United States over the great basin region, and a similar sea existed in Canada east of the Cordil- leras. At the close of the .Jurassic there was a period of mountain-making along what is now the Pacific coast. The Sierra Nevadas were uplifted, and probably also the coast ranges. The economic products of the Jurassic are few in the United States. The most important are the gold-bearing veins found in the Jurassic slates of California, and l<nown collectively as the 'mother lode.' Beds of fire-clay and potters' clay are also found. Practically the entire sup- ply of limestone used for lithogi-aphic work is obtained from Jurassic deposits near Solenhofen, in Bavaria. This is a limestone of remarkably fine grain and extremely even texture, whose equal has thus far been found at but very few localities. Consult: Geikie, Text-hook of (Ipolofiy (London. 1S9.3) ; White. "On the Fresh- Water Invertebrates of the North American Jurassic." United States Geological Siiri^ey, Bulletin .Vo. 29 ( Washingt.on, " 1886) . See Geology; Lia,s.sic Semes; Oolite. JUREL, or XUREL. One of several species of 'horse-mackerels' (q.v. ) of the family Ca- rangidie, common in the warmer seas, and par- tieuhirly about the West Indies. Southward the name belongs principally to Caranx latus (see Plate of Horse-Mackerels ) , called in Florida 'horse-eyed jack' ; but northerly it is applied more frequently to the 'yellow mackerel' (Caranx chri/sos). or 'hardtail.' All are excel- lent food-fishes and of handsome appearance. On the Pacific Coast this name, as well as 'horse- mackerel.' is applied to the related saurels (q.v.) of the geiius Trachurus. JURI, zho<5-re'. ( 1 ) A tribe of Arawakan stock (q.v.) between the lower Putumayo (lea) and .TapurS rivers, northern affluents of the So- limoes or Amazon, in Xortliwestern Brazil. Some of them are also settled on the Negro. They were formerly the most powerful tril)p of the region, but are now nearly extinct. Their tribal mark is a tattooed circle around the mouth. 'omen tattoo on both cheeks. They are expert in the use of the blowgun and canoe, and build circTilar hits of poles with dome-shaped roofs of palm-leaves. In language and general cus- toms they closely resemble their neighbors the Passe (q.v.). (2) An iniimportant subtribp of the Lule (q.v.). on the Eio Salado, in North- ern ."^rcentina. JURIEN DE LA GRAVIERE, zhu're-ax' de la gra'vy.'ir'. .Tean Pierre Edmond (1812-92). A French admiral and historian, born at Brest, lie was the son of Pierre Roch .lurien dc la Gravi&re (1772-1849, created vice-admiral in 1S.'?1). Captain of a corvette in 1841. he became enptain of a ship in 18.50. and during the Cri- mean War was created rear-admiral (IS.'i.'i). Cliarged with the expedition to ^lexico (18(11), he arranged with Great Britain and Spain the Treaty of Soledad (lSfi2). and althoush Napo- leon TIL refused to keep the terms of the treaty, he did not blame his vice-admiral, who was made nide-dc-canip and given command of the IMcdi- terranean fleet (1868-70). Tt was he who man- aged the flight of the Empress in 1870. In 1871 he was made director of charts in the Naval Office, and in 1888 was elected to the Academy. His works, which treat of naval subjects, include: Voyage en Chine pendant les annces _/S.)~-50 ( 1854; often reprinted) ; Guerres maritimes sous la Rcpuhlique et sous TBrnptre (1847) ; Les cam- pagnes d'Alexandre (1883-84) ; Les gloires mari- times de la France (1888); L'amiral Roussin (1889) ; Les Anglais et les Bollandais dans les mers polaires et dans les mers des hides (1890) ; Le siege de La Rochelle (1891) : La flottille de VEuphrate (1892) ; and Les gueux de mer (3d ed. 1892). In 1866 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. JURIEU, zhu're-e', Pierre (1637-1713). A French Protestant theologian, the son of a min- ister at Mer, wliom he succeeded as pastor, after having visited Holland and England. He became professor at the Academy of Sedan in 1674, which institution was broken up by the Jesuits in 1681. Exposed to persecution for one of his writings, he fled to Holland, and became pas- tor of the Walloon Church at Rotterdam. He is chiefly remembered as a bitter and rancorous controversialist. His zeal and the self-assertion which marked the expression of liis views led him into wordy battles with theologians so promi- nent as Bayle, Basnage de Beauval, Bossuet, and Grotius, which were conducted with the greatest acrimony on all sides. His voluminous writings are now esteemed as little more than curiosities of the period in which he lived, with the excep- tion of a few that are of lasting value. Among these are: Histoire du Calvinisme et celle du Papisme (1682), and Histoire critique des dog- mcs et des miles (1704). JU'RISCON'SULT (Lat. juris, gen. sg. of jus, right, law, and consulere, to consult). The term juris consultus, and also the terms juris- peritus and jurisprvdens, ^•ere employed by the Romans to describe a man learned in the law, a jurist. In the Republican period the Roman jurists were men of good family, and usually of independent fortune, who gave legal advice gra- tuitously, as a method of recommending them- selves to the people and obtaining elective oflice. Their decisions or 'responses' were regarded as authoritative on questions of law, and were regularly follow'ed by the judges. In the Im- perial period a 'right of responding' was granted iiy the emperors to some of the most eminent jurists, and the judges were directed to follow the responses of such patented jurists unless conflicting decisions were submitted. As the right of responding was usually accorded to all the members of the Imperial auditory (the high- est court of appeal), the practical effect of the innovation was to force the lower courts to fol- low the decisions of the auditory. The wu-itings of the Imperial jurists were substantially digests of the case-law of the late Republic and early Empire, and from these writimrs the Digest of .Justinian was compiled. (See Aliiirhead. Hifstori- cat Introduction to the Private Lair of Rome.) In modern times the word 'juris-consult' is used on the Continent (but rarely in England or in the United States) as equivalent to jurist. See CiVrL J^AW: .jT'RISPEtTpENCE : J.AW-T!R. JURISDICTION (Lat. jurisdictio. juris dic- tio. administration of law', from juris, gen. sg. of jus:. right, law. and dictio, statement, from diccre, to say). The authority of a court or
