ITALIAN LITERATURE. 27 ITALIC LANGUAGES. lini, born 1845, a verista or realist), Bernardino Zeudrini (1839-79, tlie translator of Heine), Gio3u6 Carducci (born 1836, the most illustrious figure among contemporary Italian authors, equally great as a poet and as a critic), ilario Rapisardi (born 1844, an antagonist of Car- ducci). Of dramatists tbei'e may be noted Pietro Cossa (1830-81, tragedies and historical plays), Paolo Ferrari ( 1822-8U, historical pieces), Paolo Oiacometti (1810-82, tragedies), Leo di Castel- nuovo (pseudonym of Leopoldo Pulle, born 1835, author of the comedy Fuochi di paglia), Tom- maso Gherardi del Testa (1815-81, a follower of Goldoni), Giusepjje Giacosa (born 1847, writer of dramas on medieval subjects, etc.). Among the more recent prose writers are. iji addition to some dramatists already recorded, Ippolito Xievo (1830-01, Confessimii di un ottua- (jenurio) , and Paolo Emiliani Giudici (1812-72), Luigi Settembrini (1813-76), and Francesco de Sanctis (1818-83), all three literary historians of ■worth. A list of living writers would inevitably <'ontain, besides the name of Giosu6 Carducci, the names of the novelists Antonio Fogazzaro (born 1842), Enrico Castelnuovo (born 1839), Antonio <;iulio Barrili (1836), Salvatore Farina I liorn 1846). Giovanni Verga (born 1840, from whose Cnvalleria rusticana came the inspiration for Mascagni's opera), Gabriele d'Annunzio (born 1864, a master of style, and a lyric poet and dramatist, as well as a novelist, but unfortu- nately too pornographic in his tendencies), Ed- mondo de Amicis (born 1848, well known abroad, but rather overrated), Matilda Serao (born 1856, most successful in her pictures of Neapolitan life, as in II paesc di cuccagna ) ; and as lyric poets there must be registered Arturo Graf (born 1848), and Ada Negri (born 1870). Lack of ?pace forbids mention of the many disciples of Carducci. We must forbear making a catalogue of living scientific authors and critics. One prop- erly prepared would undoubtedly include the names of Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (born 1829), Angelo de Gubernatis (born 1840), Pasquale Villari (born 1827), Pio Rajna (born 1849), Alessandro d'Ancona (born 1835), Cesare Lom- broso (born 1836), and Domenico Comparetti (born 1835). Bibliography. Casini. Manuale di letternttira italiana {id ed., Florence, 1891) ; id., '"Geschiehte der italienischen Litteratur." in Grober, Orund- riss der romanischen Philologie, vol. ii. (Stras.s- burg. 1S96) : Gaspary. Gesc/ii'c/i(e der italienischen Litteratur (BerUn. 1885-88) ; id., i>ie sicilianische Dichterschuledes IS .J ahrhundert s ( Berlin, 1878) ; Bartoli, fitoria delta letternttira iialiana (Flor- ence. 1878-89) ; D'Ancona and Bacci. Manuale delln letteratura italiana (ib., 1892-94) ; For- naciari, Disegno storico delta letteratura italiana (ib., 1893); JIazzoni, Avviamento alio studio critico delle lettere italiane (Padua, 1892) : the collection L'ltalia (ililan, 1878-80), comprising Bartoli. / primi due seeoli delta letteratura itali- ana (1880), Invornizzi. II risorgimcnto (1878). ■Canello, La storia delta letteratura italiana nel sceolo XVI. ( 1880) , Jlorsolin. It Seicento ( 1880) , and Zanella, .SVorm delta letteratura italiana dnlla meta del Hettecento ai giorni nostri (1880) ; Giudici. Storia delta letteratura italiana (Florence, 1865) ; id., Storia del teatro in Italia (ib.. 1869) ; Finzi, Le^ioni di storia dclln lettern- lura italiana (Turin, 1879-83) : Torraca. Manu- ■ale delta letteratura italiana (2d ed., Florence, Vol. XI— 3 1886-87) ; Kc'jrting, Geschiehte der Litteratur Italiens ini Zeitalter der Renaissance (Leipzig, 1878-84) ; Roux, Histoire de la litteruture con- temporaine en Italic, ISo'.l-l.'f (Paris, 1869-77); bettembrini, Lezioni di letteratura italiana (Naples, 1868-70) ; De Sanctis, Stfjria delta let- teratura italiana (3d ed., Naples, 1879) ; Voigt, Die Wiederbelebuuy des Iclassischeii Altertums (3d ed., Berlin, 1893) : Symonds, '■Italian Litera- ture," in his Renaissance in Italy (IS'o-Sdj ; Gar- nett, A History of Italian Literature (New York, 1900); Howells, Modern Italian Poets (ib., 1887) ; Lee, I'he Eighteenth Century in Italy ; Ferrari, Letteratura italiana moderna e contem- poranea, n.',S-l'J()l (Milan, 1901) ; Turri. Dizio- nario storico-manuale delta letteratura italiana, 1000-1900 (ib., 1900) : Giornale, Storico delta let- teratura italiana (Tiirin. 1882) ; and the numer- ous special articles and treatises cited by D'An- cona and Bacci. in their verv useful Manuale (Florenc'e. 1892-94). ITALIAN MOLIERE, molyar'. The. A name given to the Italian dramatist Goldoni (q.v.). ITALIAN PINDAR, The. A name given to the lyric poet Chiabrera (q.v.). ITALIAN POLITICAL PARTIES. See Political Parties, paragraph Italy. ITALIAN SOMALILAND, s6-ma'lj-land. A protectorate of Italy, on the eastern coast of Africa, extending along the Indian Ocean from the equator to the Gulf of Aden (Map: Africa, J 4). It is bounded on the west by British Somaliland. Abyssinia, and British East Africa. The area is about 100.000 square miles. In the formation of its surface it resembles British Somalihmd. It is generally an arid region, flat along the coast and elevated in the interior, the general slope being to the southeast. There are no rivers of practical importance. The Schebehli, the largest stream, fails to reach the sea. The vegetation is poor. There are scarcely any forested areas. The interior has not yet been fully explored, owing in part to the stubborn hostility of the natives. I'he climate is rather favorable. There are hot and cool and wet and dry sea.sons. The principal ports are Madish-i and Obbia. Bardera is an important point in the interior, near the .Juba River. The popula- tion — the Somali (q.v.) — is estimated at 400.000. There are some Arabs along the coast. The southern part of the protectorate was acquired by Italy in 1889, when the Sultan of Obbia placed the territory from 2° 30' to 5° 33' north under Italian protection. In the same year the protec- torate was extended farther north, and in 1892 the cession of territory by the Sultan of Zanzibar increased the nrotectorate to its present propor- tions. The sphere of Italian influence, according to agreements with Great Britain, is bounded bv the .Tuba River as far as 6° N. latitude, and by the 35th E. meridian from this parallel north- ward to the Blue Nile. ITALIAN VERSIONS. See Bible. ' ITALIC LANGUAGES. The name applied to the ancient Indn-Gernianio dialects of Italy, which form a distinct branch of the Indo-Cer- manic languages (q.v,). They are on the whole more closely related to the Hellenic (see Greek Language) than to any other of the great divi-
