companies, and led to the passing of anti-trust laws in 1889 and 1897.
In politics, Kansas belongs to the Republicans, who have failed to carry it in three elections only since the Civil War: in 1882, when the Democrats elected their candidate for Governor on an anti-prohibition platform, and in 1892 and 1896, when the People's Party and Democrats, in fusion, elected their State and National tickets. In the winter of 1893 the Republicans and the Populists were so evenly matched in the matter of State Representatives that each party proceeded to organize an independent Legislature. The dispute was determined by the intervention of the militia and the courts. The following is a list of the Governors of Kansas and the parties to which they belonged:
| TERRITORIAL | ||
| Andrew H. Reeder | 1854-55 | |
| Wilson Shannon | 1855-56 | |
| John W. Geary | 1856-57 | |
| Robert J. Walker | 1857-58 | |
| James W. Denver | 1858 | |
| Samuel Merlary | 1858-60 | |
| Frederick P. Stanton | 1860-61 | |
| STATE | ||
| Charles Robinson | Republican | 1861-63 |
| Thomas Carney | “ | 1863-65 |
| Samuel J. Crawford | “ | 1865-69 |
| James M. Harvey | “ | 1869-73 |
| Thomas A. Osborn | “ | 1873-77 |
| George T. Anthony | “ | 1877-79 |
| John P. St. John | “ | 1879-83 |
| George W. Glick | Democrat | 1883-85 |
| John A. Martin | Republican | 1885-89 |
| Lyman U. Humphrey | “ | 1889-93 |
| Lorenzo D. Leweling | Populist-Democrat | 1893-95 |
| Edmund N. Morrill | Republican | 1895-97 |
| John W. Leedy | Populist-Democrat | 1897-99 |
| William E. Stanley | Republican | 1899-1903 |
| W. J. Bailey | “ | 1903— |
Bibliography. Hutchinson, Resources and Development of Kansas (Topeka, 1871); Kansas Board of Agriculture, Kansas: A Brief Account of Its Geographical Position, Dimensions, Topography (Topeka, 1885); Hodder, The Government of the People of the State of Kansas (Philadelphia, 1895); Haworth, Annual Bulletin on the Mineral Resources of Kansas (Lawrence, 1897-1900); Goss, History of the Birds of Kansas (Topeka, 1891); Robinson, Kansas: Its Interior and Exterior Life (10th ed., Lawrence, Kan., 1899). In addition to the general works dealing with the history of the slavery question from 1850 to 1860, consult: Hale, Kansas and Nebraska (Boston, 1854); Brewerton, The War in Kansas (New York, 1856); Gibson, Geary and Kansas (Philadelphia, 1857); Robinson, Kansas (Boston, 1857); Holloway, History of Kansas (Lafayette, Ind., 1868); Wilder, Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1875); Tuttle, A Centennial History of the State of Kansas (Lawrence, Kan., 1876); Andreas, History of Kansas (Chicago, 1883); Thayer, A History of the Kansas Crusade (New York, 1889); Kansas Historical Society Transactions (Topeka, 1890 et seq.); Robinson, The Kansas Conflict (New York, 1892); Ewing, The Struggle for Freedom in Kansas (New York, 1894).
KANSAS, University of. A coeducational State institution at Lawrence, Kan., established by act of the Legislature in 1864, and opened in 1866. During the first few years of its existence its work was confined almost entirely to a preparatory department, the first college class graduating in 1873. The university comprises a graduate school; schools of arts, law, medicine, pharmacy, engineering, and fine arts; and the University Geological Survey. It confers the bachelor's degree in arts, science, law, medicine, music, and painting; the master's degree in arts and science; the doctor's degree in philosophy; and the degree of civil and electrical engineer. Students are admitted without examination on certificates of work done in accredited preparatory schools, and much freedom is allowed in the selection of courses. Tuition is free to residents of Kansas, but a small fee is required from students from other States. In 1902 the student enrollment was 1233, including 69 in the graduate department and 619 in the school of arts. The number of instructors and lecturers was 81. The library contained 37,764 volumes. The university comprised 50 acres, with 11 college buildings, seven of which were erected by the State and four by private gift. The buildings are valued at $550,000, and the natural history collection at $200,000. The endowment was $145,000, the income $195,000, and the total university property was valued at $1,000,000. The government of the university is vested in a board of seven regents, six of whom are appointed by the Governor for a term of four years. The seventh member is the chancellor of the university, who is elected by the remaining members of the board.
KANSAS CITY. The largest and most important city of Kansas, and the county-seat of Wyandotte County, on both sides of the Kansas River, at its confluence with the Missouri; opposite and adjoining Kansas City, Mo. (Map: Kansas, H 2). It is usually called Kansas City, Kansas. It is an important railroad centre, a number of great trunk lines entering the city. Among them are the Missouri Pacific; the Union Pacific; the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe; the Mexico and Orient; and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific. The city covers an area of ten and a half square miles, and is built partly on bluffs and partly on the river bottoms. Several bridges across the Kansas River unite the east and west sections of the city, which is closely connected also with Kansas City, Mo., by elevated, electric, and cable roads. Of a total street mileage of 160 miles, more than 25 per cent. is paved, principally with brick and asphalt. There are over fourteen acres of public parks. The city is the seat of the State Institution for the Blind, and of Kansas City University (Methodist Protestant), opened in 1896. The high school is one of the largest and best equipped in the State; and a fine library building which will cost $75,000, the gift of Andrew Carnegie, is in course of construction (1903). Kansas City, Kan., is noted for its important live-stock, slaughtering, and meat-packing interests, in all of which it is allied with the adjacent city—the stock yards and packing-house plants on both sides of the Kansas-Missouri boundary forming the second largest live-stock centre in the United States. (See Kansas City, Missouri.) It is also an important grain and flour market. There are several large grain-elevators and flour-mills, railroad car and machine shops, and extensive manufactures of soap and candles, foundry and machine-shop products, boxes, barrels, cooperage products, etc. The manufacturing interests represent a production valued at about $85,000,000, the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, with a capital of $15,000,000, alone having an output equal to $75,000,000. Kansas
