KANTEMIR. 397 KAPP. translations from Horace, Juvenal, Anacreon, and others, and himself wrote satires, in which, like Horace, he lashes the vices and shortcom- infjs of contemporary society, but never in- dividuals. His best-known satire. To My Intel- lect, derides the stupidity of striving after the superficial gloss of external civilization. With him begins the pseudo-classical period of Russian literature, and his labors in the wa}- of versifica- tion have an historical value, as his verses, though a great improvement on their predeces- sors, still keep the syllabic metre, utterly foreign to the spirit of Russian, which knows no long and short vowels, but stress-accent only. His works were published in 1743 (German translation by Spilcker, Berlin, 1752). The best edition is that by Yef remoft' ( Saint Petersburg, 1867 ) , with an introduction by Stoyunin. KANURIS, ka-noo'rez. Sudanese Negroes dominant in Bornu and Kanem, Chad Basin re- gion, Central Africa. They are slightly mixed with Hamites of the desert, and have negroid fea- tures, while their speech is modified by Tibbu. There are three and a half millions of them, divided into many tribes. All these are lloham- medanized. They are described as melancholy, dejected, and brutal. With their broad faces, wide nostrils, and large bones, the Kanuris make a far less agreeable impression than the Hausas, especially as the women are among the ugliest in all Negroland. See Sudan, paragraph Etiinolor/y. KAOLIN, ka'6-litt (from Chinese Kaoling, high ridge, the name of a hill in China, where the clay is found). A variety of clay, formed as a residual product of the decomposition of feld- spar. By weathering the more soluble compo- nents of feldspar, which is an abundant constitu- ent of granite and other rocks, are leached out. leaving a compound of silica and alumina, or kaolin, mixed with other insoluble materials. Kaolin is a soft, friable clay, burning to a pure white color, and is suited for the manufacture of fine pottery such as white earthenware and porce- lain. It occurs in residual deposits, from which it is usually extracted by simple methods of open cutting. The crude clay is prepared for the market by freeing it of quartz and other impurities in settling-tanks. An analysis of washed kaolin from Xorth Carolina shows the followinr; conmosition in per cent. : SiO„ 45.70 : Al.O,. 40.61; FeA. 1*9; CaO, 0.45; MgO, 0.00; Na,0. K.O, 2.S2; H,0, 8.98; moisture, 0..35. In the United States kaolin is mined in many of the eastern States, including Vermont. Connecticut. Pennsylvania. Delaware. Xorth Carolina, and Georgia. The most productive deposits are those of Cornwall. England. In 1001 the domestic out- put of kaolin was 97.253 short tons, valued at $584,523. The total imports in the same year were 117,756 tons, valued at .$663,379. mostly from England. France, and Germany. Kaolin is used to some extent in paper-making, and for fill- ing the pores of cloth. KAPELLMEISTER, ka-pel'mis-ter (Ger., chapel-master) . The director of music and choir- trainer in a royal or ducal palace. The position was regarded as one of much honor and of con- siderable importance. To-day the name kapell- meister is used only as synonymous with con- ductor ( q.v. ) . KAPILA, kii'pe-la. An ancient Hindu phi- losopher renowned in Sanskrit literature as the founder of the Sankhya sy.stem of rationalistic philosophy. According to Buddhistic legends he iiiust have lived before the time of Buddha, or not later than the middle of the sixth century B.C. His name is closely associated with Kapila- vastu, in Xortheastem India, where Buddha was born. There seems to be no just reason for doubt- ing the reality of Kapila's existence, as has been done by some, even though the so-called Sumkhya- sutras be considered to be of much later origin than his time. His teaching laid stress on the distinction between the realm of spirit and of matter. For Kapila as a historic personage, con- sult: Garbe, SamTchya und Yoga (Strassburg, 1896) ; and the edition of Siitras ascribed to Kapila, together with the commentary by Garbe, l^umkhya-pravacana bhasya (Cambridge, Mass., 1895). See Sankhya. KAPNIST, kiip'nlst, Vasiui Yakovlevitch: (1756-1S23). A Russian poet, born in Obukhovka. He was a friend of Derzhavin, and a member of the Russian Academy. Besides some un- important odes and epigrams, he wrote Yabeda, a political and satiric play dealing with the abuses of Russian justice, written in alexan- drines. The play had an immediate success and many of its characters and lines are proverbial in modern Russia. It was suppressed by Czar Paul, and Kapnist narrowly escaped Siberian exile. KAPODIS'TRIAS. President of the Greek Republic. See Capo dTstria. KAPOK'. A Javanese fibre plant. See Erio- DKXDKOX. KAPOSI, ko'po-shi, MoRiTZ (1837-1902). An Austrian physician and dermatologist, born at Kaposvar. He was educated at the University of Vienna, where he became docent in dermatology and syphilis (1806); and wa-s a-ssociated with Hebra in his clinic (1860-71), and succeeded him in 1881 as its head. His great work in collabo- ration with Hebra was Bandbuch der Hautlcrank- heiten (1872-76). His own works on cutaneous diseases include: Die Syphilis der ffchleimhaut der Alund-, Nasen- und Raclwnhohle (1866); Die fiypliilis der Hatit und der anyrenzenden Schleimhaute (1872-75); Patlwloyie und Thera- pie der Hautkrnnkheiten (.5th ed. 1899) ; and PuthoJofiic und Theropie der Syphilis (1891). KAPOSVAR, ko'pSsh-viir. The capital of Somog^• County. Southwestern Hungary, 28 miles northwest of Fiinfkirchen. It is a garrison town, is well built, has a State gjinnasium, a county hall, hospital, and several educational institu- tions. Steam mills, cement-works, and a sugar- refinery are its chief industrial establishments, while stock-raising is largely carried on in the neighborhood. Population^ in 1900, 18.218. KAPP, kap, FRiEOBicn (1824-84). A Crf^rman- American publicist and historian, boni at Hamm, Westphalia. He was educated at the luiivcrsities of Heidelberg and Berlin, and practiced law in the courts of Hanmi and Unna until 184S. Engaging in the revolutionary rising at Frankfort, in Sep- tember of that year, he was forced to take refuge in Paris. Later he went to Geneva, and in 1850 came to Xew York, where he practiced his profes- sion imtil his return to Germany in 1870. He ac- quired great influence among the German-speak- ing people of Xew York, became interested in the slavery question, and was a Republican Presi- dential elector in 1860. As a result of his efforts to protect immigrants he was appointed one of
