KARLSRUHE. 403 KARNAK. higher administrative institutions of the grand duchy, and is the residence of the Grand Duke. The manufacturing industries have attained considerable importance since the Franco-Pms- sian War. Karlsruhe maiuifactures locomotives, machinery, wagons, sj'phons, stone wares, plated goods, paper, stoves, etc. The large trade .of the town is facilitated bv a canal system. Popu- lation, in 1890, 73,084; in 1900, 90,976; the greater part are Protestants. The rapid increase is due to the growth of trade and manufactures. Karlsruhe is the result of princely ill-humor. Margrave Karl Wilhelm, displeased with his resi- dence at Durlach, built a hunting-palace in the Hardtwald in 1715, where the ducal palace of Karlsruhe now stands. After a few years it be- came the residence town. In 1848 and 1849 it took a prominent part in the revolutionary move- ments in the grand duchy. KARLSTAD, karl'stad, or CARLSTAD (Swed., city of Charles). An episcopal city, capi- tal of the Swedish LUn of Wiirmland, situated on the island of Thingvalla, at the northern end of Lake Venern (ilap: Sweden, E 7). It is connected with the mainland by two large bridges, is well built, and mamtfactures ma- chinery, tobacco, and matches, and also exports j, wooden w'ares and iron. Population, in 1892, S900; in 1901, 11,800. The city was founded □ in 1584 and rebuilt after the fire of 1865. KAKLSTADT, or CAKLSTADT (Hung. Karolyvaros) . A town in Croatia and Slavo- nia, Hungary, 32 miles southwest of Agram, on the Kulpa River (Map: Hungary, D 4). Ivarlstadt is strongly fortified, and has an old castle, a Franciscan monastery, and a large armory. It is chiefly important, however, as the shipping centre for the produce of the surround- ing region. Population, in 1900, 7396. KARMA, kar'ma. (Skt. karman, deed, act, from /:<(/■, to do). Designation of the Hindu doc- trine of moral retribution and reward accom- plished through a series of rebirths. All states and conditions in this life are the direct conse- quence of actions done in a previous existence ; every deed or action (l;arman) done in the present life determines our fate in the reincar- nation that is to follow. Human life is but the working out of Icarman; upon this all de- pends. This was in earl.V times the doctrine of the Brahmans and of the Buddhists, and it has remained a typical feature and characteristic trait in the faith and philosophic thought of In- dia. -Consult: Hopkins, Reliriions of India (Bos- ton, 1895) ; Warren, Bu(hUii>ini in Translations (Cambridge, Mass., 1896) ; Rhys Davids, Bud- dhism, Its History and Literature (Xew York, 1896) ; Max Milller, Six Si/stems of Indian Phi- losoph;/ (ib., 1899) ; Johnston, Karma(ih., 1900). KARMARSCH, kiir'marsh, ieRL (1803-79). A German technologist, born in Vienna. He studied at the Polytechnic Institute of his native city, and in 1821 became an assistant there. In 1830 he was called to Hanover to establish and direct a poljiiechnic school which was opened the next year. Among his publications are: Hand- huch der mechanischen Technologie (6th ed., edited by Fischer and Miiller, 1887-97) ; and in collaboration with Heeren the Technisches Wor- terbnch (3d ed., edited by Kick and Gintl, 11 vols., 1874-92). KARIVTA'THIANS. See Mohammedan Sects. KARMO, kiir'me, or CARMO. A low-lying i-sland of Norway, situated at the entrance to the Boknfjord, in the North Sea, in latitude 59° 20' N., longitude 5° 15' E. (Map: Norway, A 7). It is separated from the mainland by a narrow strait, has a length of 21 miles, a breadth of 5, and an area of 68 square miles. It is sparsely inhabited, but offers good opportunities for her- ring-fishing. The chief settlements are Skudes- na'shavn and Kopervik, each with about 1000 inhabitants. There are numerous barrows. KARNAK, kar'nak. A village of Upper Eg^pt. on the east bank of the Nile, in about latitude 25° 50' N. It is situated on the site of ancient Thebes, and close to it lie the ruins of a group of temples which, with their walled in- closures and the avenues of sphinxes connecting them, extend over a space of nearly a mile. The most important of these temples, that of the god Ammon of Thebes, was founded in. the early part TEMPLE OF AMMOX OF THEBES AT KAR5AK. (Ground plan.) of the Twelfth D^-nasty, probably upon the site of an older structure. After the expulsion of the Hyksos (q.v. ), when Thebes became the capital of Egypt, Ammon became the chief god of the land, and his ancient temple acquired the dignity of a great national sanctuary. The Pharaohs of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties lavished vast wealth upon it, enlarging it and adorning it with sculptures and paintings. Under Rameses II. it was practically completed, though additions ere made to it by many subsequent monarchs down to the time of the Ptolemies. It stood with- in a walled inclosure, measuring about 1500 feet in either direction, which also contained several smaller temples and a sacred lake. An avenue of ram-headed sphinxes led from a landing-place on the river-bank to the main entrance, a huge pylon (370 feet in breadth, and 142 feet in height) built in the time of the Ptolemies. A gateway between the massive tower.s of this pylon gives access to the great court, which measures 276 feet in length and 338 feet in breadth. With- in the court, colonnades run along the walls on either side, and in the centre, in a line with the entrance, stood twelve colossal columns arranged in two rows. Si.x of these columns are still in a good state of preservation. In the left-hand corner of the court, near the entrance, are the ruiis of a small temple built by Seti II., while to the right a temple built by Rameses III. pierces the wall of the court near its tipper end, and extends for some distance outside. A second pylon gate, the work of Rameses I., forms the en- trance from the covirt into the gi'eat hypostyle hall, built by Seti I. and his son. Rameses II. (For illustration, see Arcuitecture.) Tliis great
