turn to Berlin published Die Vegetationsorgane der Palmen (1847); Flora Columbia (1857-69); and Chemismus der Pflanzenzelle (1870). From 1868 to 1872 he was professor of botany at Vienna.
KARSTEN, KARL JOHANN BERNHARD (1782- 1853). A German mineralogist, born at Bützow (Mecklenburg). He studied law at Rostock, but soon applied himself to medicine, and in 1801 became assistant editor of Scheerer's Journal der Chemie. He became mining councilor in the Ministry of the Interior at Berlin in 1819, and the beginnings of the important zine industry of Silesia are to be traced to his efforts. His works include: a System der Metallurgic (8 vols., 1831- 32); Archiv für Bergbau und Hüttenwesen (20 vols., IS18-31); and Archiv für Mineralogic, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hüttenkunde (26 vols., 1829-54).
KĀRTIKEYA, kär'ti-kä'yà. The Hindu god of war. also called Skanda. In Sanskrit legends and Indian mythology his birth is repre- sented as marvelous, and without the direct intervention of a woman. The seed of the god Siva fell into the fire and was cast into the Ganges. Six nymphs, the Krittikas or Pleaides (Skt. Krtikās), conceived from this and each bore Their progeny was afterwards combined into a single child who had six faces to receive nurture from each. His deeds of prowess in battles with the giants were great. so that he became the leader of the armies of the gods. He rides upon a peacock. Consult: Dowson, Hindu Mythology (London. 1879); Wilkins, Hindu Mythology (London, 1900). a son. KARTOUM, kär-töom'. A town of Sudan. See KUARTUM. KARTVE'LIANS. A name used by some ethnographers to designate the Georgian group of peoples of the Caucasus. The name is derived from their own legends, which attribute the origin of the Georgians to one Kartvel, 'fourth in descent from Noah.' See GEORGIANS. KARUN, kå-roon'. A river of Western Per- sia, rising about 100 miles west of Ispahan. It flows westward through the Bakhtiyari Mountains, then southwest. and joins the Shat-el-Arab (the combined stream of the Euphrates and the Ti- gris) at Mohammerah (Map: Persia, C5). Since 1888 the river has been open to foreign navi- gation, and there is a line of English steamers running from Mohammerah to Ahwaz (117 miles). At the latter point the navigation is interrupted by rapids and another line of steam- ers ascends to Shuster, the capital of the Province of Khuzistan. It is the only navigable river of Persia, and an important trade route to the in- terior. of Cracow. KARWIN, kär-vēn'. A town in the Crown- land of Silesia. Austria, 65 miles west-southwest It is in the centre of an extensive coal and coke region. Brewing and distilling are carried on. Karwin contains a fine eastle of Count. Larisch. Population, in 1890, 7746; in 1900, 14.328. KAR'YOKINE'SIS, or CARYOKINESIS. The changes that occur in the nucleus of a living cell during cell-division. See CELL (in animals). KASHGAR. KASANLIK, ká-zänʼlék. A town in Eastern Rumelia. See KAZANLIK. KASBIN, kůz-bén', or KASVIN. A town of Persia, in the District of Irak-Ajemi, 90 miles west-northwest of Teheran (Map: Persia, C 3). It is situated on an extensive plain of the same name, and is inclosed by walls. It has exten- sive bazaars, tanneries, and manufactures cotton, silk, and velvet. It is connected by roads with Teheran and Resht, and exports large quantities of raisins to Russia. Its population, now esti- mated at about 40,000, was much larger in for- mer times. KASAN, kä'zån. A government of Russia. See KAZAN. KASCHAU, kä’shou (Hung. Kassa). A royal free town of Hungary, and capital of the County of Abauj-Torna, situated on the Hernád, 170 miles by rail northeast of Budapest (Map: Hungary, G2). Its picturesque position amid vine-clad mountains, and its regular streets, fine buildings, and extended suburbs, make it one of the most sightly cities of Hungary. Its chief attraction is the fine Gothic cathedral, constructed during the fourteenth century from designs by the French architect D'Hennecourt. Its two towers are unfinished. It contains a splendid canopy 65 feet high, a rich late-Gothic high altar pro- fusely adorned with paintings on a gold back- ground, and portals covered with statuary in pure Gothic. The cathedral was restored during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Other interesting churches are: Saint Michael's, dating from the thirteenth century: the Dominican church, with frescoes; and the new Protestant church, with a lofty dome. Among other note- worthy buildings are the town hall, the ad- ministration buildings of the county. the epis- copal palace, and the oldest theatre in Hungary. The educational institutions include a royal law school, a Catholic higher gymnasium, a seminary for teachers of both sexes, an Episcopal seminary, and the district museum, containing a good col- lection of antiquities. Kaschau manufactures paper. spirits, furniture, flour, wooden products, and tobacco, and is a centre in the trade between Galicia and Hungary. It is the seat of a Roman Catholie bishoprie. Mineral springs abound in the vicinity. The town was colonized by Ger- mans, and obtained municipal rights as early as 1241. It played an important part in the his- tory of Eastern Hungary, and was in 1849 the scene of a defeat of the Hungarians by the Aus- trians. Population. ir. 1890. 32,165; in 1900, 40.102: mostly Catholic Magyars. KASHAN, kii'shan. The capital of the prov- ince of the same name in Irak-Ajemi. Persia. situated on the route between Ispahan and Teheran. about 120 miles south of the latter (Map: Persia, D 4). It is a large town, con- taining a great number of mosques, baths, cara- vanserais, and a college. Its chief manufactured products are silk and woolen goods, jewelry, and It suffered greatly from an earthquake in 1895. Its population is estimated at 30.000. faïence.
KASHGAR, käsh'gär'. The former capital of the Chinese dependency of East Turkestan, situated on the river Kashgar, in latitude 39° 27' N. and longitude 76° 2' E., about 100 miles northwest of Yárkand (Map: Asia, G 5). It consists of the old town. lying on an elevation overlooking the river. and the new town, lying about 21 miles south of the former. They are both surrounded by mud walls and moats, and
