KEPLER. 457 KERATIN. invention of the telescope he gave the theory of lefnu't ion liy lenoes, and the ])rinc'iple of the in- verting telescope. Hi.s theory of infinitesimals prepared tile way for C'avalieri's theory of in- (livisiiiles and the invention of the calculus by Keuton and Leibnitz. He was also very active in introducing logarithms into Germany. His prinri|ial writings, besides those already men- tioned, include: Prodrumua Disscrtationiim Cos- mographicnrum Seu Mysterium Cos<mographi- ciiiii (15!)()) ; De Stella Nova in Pede Scrpentarii (160G) ; Astronomiai I'ars Optica (1604) ; A'oua Sterionieiria Doliorum (1G13); Dc C'ometis (l()l!l); Ephemcrides Nor^w Motuum Ccclestium (KiKi); Epiliiiiies Astronomiw Gopernicance (l(il8-21); Chilias Lngarithmorum (1624). His e.taiit manuscripts were purchased by Empress Catharine II. of Russia, donated by "her to the Academy of Saint Petersburg, and deposited in the observatory of Pulkowa, where they remained inaccessible for a long time. A complete edition of Kepler's works, in eight volumes, was prepared by Frisch under the title Jahaimis Kepleri Opera Omnia (1858-71). Consult : Breitschwcrt, Johann Keplers Lehcn vnd Virk':n (Stuttgart, 1831); Brewster, Lives of (loUlco, Ti/cho Liriihc, and Kepler (London, 1874) ; Ueitliiigcr. Johann Kepler (Stuttgart, 1S68); Apelt, ■Johann Keplers astronomiache Weltansicht (Leipzig, 1849) ; Miiller, Die Kep- lerschen Gesetze (Brunswick, 1871); Reusehle, Kepler und die Astronomie (Frankfort, 1871); Giibcl, Ueber Keplers ast ronomische Anschauungen (Halle, 1872) ; Hasner, Tycho Brahe und Kepler in I'riiif (Prague, 1872); Giinther, "Kepler und der tellurisch-kosmische Magnetismus," in Penck's Qeographisehe Abhandlungoi (Vienna, 1888) ; Forster, Johnnn Krpler und die Harmonic der Spharen (Berlin, 18112); Wolt, Gesohichte der Asfrononiic (Munich, 1877). KEP'PEL, AuGUSTO.s, Viscount (1725-86). An Kiiglish admiral, the son of William, second Earl of Albemarle, and grandson of Arnold Joost van Jveppel, first Earl of .Mbemarle, a Dutch general in the suite of William of Orange when he came to England in UiSS. He was educated at West minster School, and in 1735 joined the navy. After serving on the Guinea coast and in the Mediterranean, in 1740-44, he acconip.-mied Anson nn the latter's voyage around the world. In 1744 lie was promoted to post-captain, and for several years made successful expeditions, notably in 1748. when he concluded a treaty with the Dey of .Mgiers, and in 1762, when Havana was taken after a siege of two months. In 1762 he became rear-admiral of the blue, and in 1778 admiral. The same year he came into special prominence in cunnection with the indecisive en- gagement oil' I'shanI, when, owing to tlie failure of Sir Hugh Palliser. who commanded the rear, to obey Kepjicl's signals, the French licet under D'Orvilliers escapcil into Brest. The facts becom- ing known. Pallis<'r, who was in favor with Kep- pcl's political opponents, demanded a court-mar- tial acensing Keppel of incompetency and coward- ice. The trial resulted in a complete vindication, and approval of Keppcl's course of action, and he hecaine the liero at numerous popular demonstra- tions. His services, however, were suspended by his opponents, but as an active memlier of Parliament he was a capable critic of their naval administration, and in 1782, under a change of Ministry, was appointed first Lord of the Admiralty, and the same year was created Viscount Keppel and Baroii Klden. Consult Keppel (his grandnephew) , Life of Admiral Kep- pel (London, 2 vols., 1842). KEPPEL, Sir Henby( 1809-1904) . An English admiral and author, the fourth son of the fourth Earl of Albemarle. He joined the navy in early youth, and became lieutenant in 1829 and com- mander in 1833. After serving in India, in the Mediterranean, and at the Cape of fJood Hope, from 1841 to 1845 and from 1847 to 1851 he was in ciimiiiand of the China and Pacific stations, doing valuable service in su])pressing piracy. He commanded the naval brigade at Sebastopol during the Crimean War (1854-55), and from 1857 to 1858 was again on the China coast, when he destroyed the Chinese war Heet in Fatshan Creek. For this sen'ice he was created K.C.B. In 1860 he was naval commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, afterwards on the Brazilian station, and from 1867 to lS(i!) vice-admiral and comniander-in-chief of the China-.Japan scpiailron. In 1869 lie became tull admiral, and returned to England. He was made G.C.B. in 1871, and Admiral of the Fleet in 1877. He was the author of: Expedition of H.M.S. Dodo to Borneo (2 vols., 3d ed. 1847) ; A Visit to the Indian Archi- pelago in H.M.S. Meander, with Journal of Sir James Brooke (2 vols.. 1853); Reminiscences (I89S) ; and A Sailor's Life Under Four Sover- eigns (3 vols., 1S99). KEPPOiER, .Joseph (183S-94). An Austrian cartoonist. He was born in Vienna, February 1, 1838. He studied at the Academy of Fine .rts in Vienna, and contributed cartoons to leading periodicals of that city. He went on the stage as comedian and opera singer, and in 1868 went to Saint Louis, where he also studied medicine. In Saint Louis he established the Orman Pnek, the failure of which caused him to move to New York, where he was cnijilovcd as caricaturist for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Xetrspaper from 1872 to 1877. In 1875 he started another German Puck, in [lartnership with Adoljili Schwarlzman. The colored political cartoons of this paper be- came famous, and in 1877 the English edition appeared. Keppler died in New York City, Febru- ary 19, 1894. He was the first artist to intro- duce colored cartoons. !Much of his success was due to a clever adaptation of classical and his- torical subjects to modern life. KER, John, third Duke of Roxburgh. See RoxmnoH. KER, .loiix (1810-86). A Scottish Presby- terian divine. He was horn at Tweedsmuir. in Peeblesshire, was educated at Edinburgh Uni- versity and in Germany. He w;is ordained to the ministry in 1SI5, and acc'cplcd the pastorate of the East Campliell Street Church in (Hasgow in 1851. In 1876 he was appointed professor of practical training in the United Presbyterian Theological Hall, and occupied the position dur- ing the remainder of his life. His publications include a volume of Sermons, which went throuuh several editions (1868-88): The Psalms in His- tory and Biography (1886); Scollish Xiilional- ily and Other Papers (1SS7) : Lectures on the History of Preaching (1888) ; and Letters, 1SG6- S.J (1890). A A'olume of Memorial Discourses indi<ated his popularity. KER'ATIN (from Gk. K^pat. leras, liornK A nitrogenous organic substance having nearly
