KHARGEH. 471 KHATMANDU. Egypt, situated about 100 miles west of Thebes (Alap: Kgj'jjt, D 7). It LOiitains the ruins of a temple of Amnion, and several othtT ruins from the time of the Ptolemies and the Konjans. The town as well as the oasis has declineil in population and importance. Population, about 4000. KHARIJITES. See Mohammedan Sects. KHARKOV, Kar-k6f'. A government of Lit- tle Russia, liounded by the governments of Kursk and Voronezh on the north, the Province of the Don Cossacks on the east, Vekaterinuslav on the south, and Poltava on the west {Map: Russia, E 5). Area, 21,050 square miles. It has a Hat .surface, with a general incline toward the south. It is watered mostly by tributaries of the Dnieper and the Don. The climate is variable, liut warmer than in the central part of Russia. The soil is mostly a black loam of great fertility. Cereals, including corn and buckwheat, are raised in large quantities; tobacco and the vine are also cultivated. Stock-raising is an impor- tant industrj'. The chief manufactures are sugar, tobacco, liquors, and iron products. The annual output is valued at over .$25,000,000. The gov- ernment is well provided with railway lines. ]'o|)ulation, in 1897, 2,509,81 1. consisting chielly •of Little Russians. Capital, Kharkov. The terri- tory now occupied by the Government of Kharkov was in the early Middle Ages inhabited bj' Khazars, Petchenegs, and later by Tatars. The Cossacks began to settle there in the seventeenth century. KHARKOV. The capital of the Russian gov- ernment of the same name, situated in a marshy district on three streams, at the junction of two railway lines, 250 miles east-southeast of Kiev (Map: Russia, E 5). It has an attractive ap- pearance, and is well built. There are a cathe- dral, a Protestant church, numerous Russian churches, two theatres, an e.xchange, and a mu- seum. The LTniversity of Kharkov, founded in 1803, has four faculties (including jurisprudence and medicine) and nearly 1400 students, a bo- tanical garden, and a library with 170,000 vol- umes. There are also a technological institute with about 800 students, one of the four theo- logical academies of Russia, a medical school, a veterinary institute, and a number of secondary and special schools. The city has many exten- sive cigar and tobacco factories, distilleries, soap factories, etc. There is also a sugar-refinery company. Kharkov is one of the principal com- mercial cities of Ru?sia, owing to its central position with respect to the north and south trade. There are four annual fairs, one of which represents a very large volume of business. The principal ini])orts come via the Baltic, and in- clude mainly machinery, tea. wine, and to- liacco. I'oiuilaticin. in 1897. 174.840. Kharkov was founded in the middle of the sixteeiitli cen- tury. KHARPTTT, Kiir-poot', or HARPUT. The capital of the Vilayet of i[anuiret-iil-.zii;. Asiatic Turkey. It is situated on an elevated plateau near the banks of the Upper Euphrates. and near the source of the Tigris (Map: Turkey in Asia. H .S). It has fine bazaars, an ancient church, a .Tacobite convent with a collection of valuable biblical manuscripts, a college at- tached to the .Xrnerii'an mission station, and .a native school. The trade is chiellv in wine. cotton, and oil. The population is estimated at over ;iO.OOO, and is compo.sed of Turks, Kurds, . iicnians, and .Jacobite Syrians. KHARTUM, Kar-tSom'. The ca])ital of Egyp- tian Sudan, situated on the left bank of the Blue Nile, near its confluence with the White Nile, in a treeless, sterile region (Map: Africa, H 3). It is strongly fortified, and covers a large area, but is unattractive in appearance. The (iovcrmnent buildings are Euro])eaii in style, and there are several mosques. Christian churches, a hospital and barracks, and a street railway. Gor- don College and the palace of the Governor-Gen- eral are new and fine buildings. Khartum im- ports arms, powder, grain, and textiles, and exports ivory, ostrich-feathers, and fruit. The population was estimated in 1882, before its destruction by the Malidists, at 70,000. Khar- tum was founded by Jlehcmct Ali in 1821, and grew with remarkable rapidity. In 1830 it was made the seat of ihe (iovcrnor-General of Sudan, and became an important commercial centre. In 1885 the town was taken by tlie .Malidi after the valiant defense by General (Jordon (tpv.), who was one of the victims of the massacre following the capture; The Mahdi's successor razed the city and removed the population across the river to Omdurman, which he made his capital. With the overthrowing of the jiower of the JIahdi by Lord Kitchener in 1898, Khartum was reinstated as the capital of Egj-ptian Sudan, and has since recovered a large part of its former trade .and prosperity, especially since tlie railroad connect- ing it with Egypt has lieen completed. Consult Stevens, With Kitchener to Khartum ("th ed., Edinburgh, 1898). KHAS, k'hiiz. One of the Gurka tribes of Nepal. Like most of tlieir kindred, they are of mixed Hindu-Aryan and Tibeto-Mongolian blood. The Nepalese Khas are to be distinguished from the Khas of Siaiii and Laos, who belong to the Mois, as one of the large groups of imcivilized or 'sav.ige' tribes of Western Farther India is called. KHASI, k'ha'st*-. KHASIA, k'ha's;.-ii, or, as they call themselves, Kvi. Inhaliitants of the region of the Khasi Hills in Northern Assam, eastward from the Garn tribes. The Khasi are classed by Dalton (1S72) as Indo-Chinese, but indepenih'nt in their linguistic allinitics, possess- ing lioth monosyllabism and a sjiecies of agglu- tination. Ratyel (1898) considers that the Khasi are largely of Aryan Idood. and Deniker (1900) thinks they ai>proach the Indonesiiin tyj"'. The Khasi :ire anumg the few 1n(Ii:in peoples who rec- ognize the female line. They also eschew the use of milk. jMany facts concerning the Khasi will be found in Dalton, Ocscri/jMrc Ethnolofii) of liciifinl (Calcutta, 1872): Roberts. (Iramniar of the Kh-ixi I.ruiriiiafic (l.iindnn. 1891). KHASI (k-i's.*) HILLS. See .Jaintia Hii.LS. KHATMANDU, kat'in:in-drsT. The capital of Nepal (i|.v. ). It is situated at the confluence of the Baghnuiti and Vishnnmati rivers, 145 miles north of Patna (Map: India, E 3). The bri<'k or stone paved streets are narrow and dirty. The houses are from two to four stories high, and have elaborately carved wood balconies ,111(1 windows. There are several pagoda shaped t(Mn|des wiih gilt co])pcr domes. The chief build- ing is the Maharaj:in iialace contiiinins.' a modem durbar or reception-room, and the Kot military
