KIELHORN. 485 KIERKEGAARD. Epigraphia Indica, etc., on Indian chronology and epigraphy should also be mentioned. After the death of Biihler he was made editor of the Grtinclriss der indodiinchen Fhilologie. KIELLAND, kyelland, Alexander Lange (1849 — ). A Norwegian novelist, born at Sta- vanger. Born to wealth and social position, he studied at Christiania for the law : but he preferred business, and was the successful man- ager of a brick and tile kiln when he pub- lished Xoceleltes (1879) and Xew Novelettes (1880), both of which bore clear marks of the study of French models, more especially Daudet, in conception and style. To these iiualities Gar- vian and Morse (1880; trans. 1885) adds an autobiographical, and Laboring People (1881) a socialistic interest. Under the inlluence of Balzac and Zola he portrays in .Skipper Worse (1882: trans. 1885), Poison (1883). Fortune (1884), more of corruption in the upper and of vice in the lower classes; he protests in Siiow ( 1886) and in Saint Hans Festival ( 1887) against the numbing effects of conventional religion; and in ■lacoh ( 1891 ) he revolts from tlie smug op- timism of the conser'ative classes. Kielland's uovelistic genius may be fairly judged from the translated Tales of Two Countries (1891). His comedies. Homeward Bound (1878), Three Pairs (1886), Betty's Guardian (1887), Professors (1888), are less important. KIELMANSEGG, kel'man-seg, Ebich, Count von (1847 — ). An Austrian statesman, born in Hanover. He entered the Government service of Austria in 1870, held various posts in the ad- ministrative offices in the provinces, and was employed in the ilinistry of the Interior from 1886 to 1889. He was then appointed Governor of Lower Austria, and in this position he brought about the consolidation of the suburbs with Vi- enna, the passage of a sanitary law, and other beneficial measures. In 1S95 he was appointed Minister of the Interior, the first incumbent of Protestant faith to hold that jKjrtfolio in Aus- tria, and was called to preside over a temporary Cabinet. K'lEN-LITNG, kyen'loong', or CH'IEN- XtJNG. The reign-title of Hung-li, the fourth Emperor of the present dj-nasty in China. He was tlie fourth son of Vung-Ching, and at the age of twenty six succeeded him in 1736. He proved a wise, able, and energetic ruler: reor- ganized bis Government and established internal peace: extended his empire to Kashgar and Kul- ja : established his supremacy in Tibet: exacted tribute friini Burma and Ne])al: and ;ittempted .somewhat tmsuccessfully to subjugate the aborig- ines of Kwei-chow and Sze-chuen. It was in this reign that the Turgots, who had in the mid- dh- of the seventeenth century- emigrated to Rus- sia, returned in 1770 in a body across the desert to tlieir old home in Sungaria. an incident which De (luincey has made memorable by bis essay on The Fliiilit of the Knlinurk Tartars. He op- posed the Catholic missionaries, but maintained friendly relations with European nations, receiv- ing embassies from Portugal in 17.'iO. and Great Britain and Holland in 1795. K'ien-lung was a liberal patron of both literature and art. He himself wrote essays, discourses, and poetry, his poetical works alone comprising 33.950 composi- tions. Unwilling to equal or surpass his illus- trious giandfather. K'ang-hsi. in the length of his reign, he abdicated when he had completed his sixtieth year, and died three years later (1799). His successor was the worthless Kia-K'ing. Con- sult Remusat, Souvelles melanges asiatiques (Paris, 1829;. KIENZL, ken'z'l, Wiliielm (1857—). An Austrian musician, born at Waizenkirclien, in Upper Austria. He studied composition under VV. Mayer (W. A. Remy) in Gratz, under Krejc in Prague, and under Kbeinberger in Munich. His piano technique was acquired at the Gratz Gynmasiimi, under the teaching of Mortier de Fontaine and Liszt. After having made an ex- tensive European concert tour (1881-82), he be- came chief kapellmeister of the German opera in Amsterdam, occupied a similar i)osition at Krefeld, and from 1886 to 1890 was director of the Styrian Musikverein at Gratz. In the latter year he was chosen first kapellmeister of the Hamburg opera, and during the period 1892-93 was Hofkapellmeister at Munich. Kienzl wrote three excellent operas, Urvasi (1886), Heilmar, der Xarr ( 1892) , and Der Evangelimann ( 1895), each in suocession Iwing received with increased favor. Don Quixote (1898) was less svieeessful. He wrote two books. Die musikalische Dekla- mation (Leipzig, 1880) and Miseellen (Leipzig, 1885], the latter treating of Bayrcuth and being of more than ordinary interest. He edited a number of musical works, and in addition to his operas composed many songs and riiuch instru- mental music. KIEPERT, ke'pert. Hein'RIcii (1818-99). A Gennan geographer and cartographer, born in Berlin. From an earlj' age he was an enthusias- tic student of geography, and after studying inider Ritter devoted two years to the explora- tion of Asia Minor (1841-42). He first became widely known through his Atlas von Hellas (1841-44), which was followed by his Karten ~u Robinsons und Hmitlis Palastina (1841). He then turned his attention chiefly to archie- ology, and after publishing his Karte von Kleinasien (1843-45), several times returned to Asia (1870, 1886, 1888), and carefully ex- plored n)uch of the western part of the continent. He described his researches in works which at once were successful and secured their author important posts. From 1845 to 1852 he was director of the Geographical Institute of Wei- mar: in 1853 was made a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences; and in 1859 became a professor in the University of Berlin. Among bis best known works, which bear witness to his great linguistic as well as ethnographical learning, are bis Atlas der alten Welt (1848) ; .tlas der Erde und des Bimmels (15th ed. 1874) : .itlas Antiquum: and the Atlas ron Hel- las, already mentioned. In addition, he wrote: Lehrhueh drr alten Geographic (1878): Travels in Asia Minor (Eng. trans. 1842. 1870, 1889. 1890) : and H istorisch-geographi.tehe ErUiute- rung der Kriege zirisehon dem ost-romisehen lieiche und den prrsisehen Kiinigrn drr f^assani- drn-Diinaslir. The last work was awarded a prize by the French Institute in 1844. KIERKEGAARD, ker'kc-giird, SiiREN Aapte (1813-55), A D:inish philosopher and theological writer, bom at Copenhagen. He studied theology at the university of his native town, but he was never ordained, and .ifterwards spent some time in Germany. In 1842 he settled at Copenhagen,
