KINGSTON. 513 KINGSTON. supply and a sewerage system. It is lighted by electricity and has electric street railways. The town is strongly fortified. The public institu- tions are well conducted. There is a theatre. The suburbs are remarkable for their natural beauty, and many of the wealthier residents, in- eluding the Governor, live outside of the city limits. The harbor admits the largest vessels. The shipping of Uic port in IHOI amounted to about t)40.000 tons. The railways of the island centre here. Xear Kingston are the mines of the old town of Port r.oyal, which was destroyed by an earthquake in Kii);!. Population, in 1891, 4U..')40. In l!MJl it was estimated at .30,000. KINGSTON. A city and the county-seat of Ulster County, N. Y., 55 miles south of Albany; beautifully situated on the Hudson River, and on the north shore of Rondout Creek, and on the Vest .Shore, the Ulster and Delaware, and the Walkill Valley railroads (Map; New York, F 4). It has Kingston and Ulster academies; a fine city hall, court-house, and armory- ; several libra- ries: Kingston Point Park; and the West Shore Railroad briilge. 150 feet above tidewater. The •Senate House.' with a collection of relics, is historically important as the early home of the State Legislature. The city, with 'its e.vcellent transportation facilities, is the centre of a large trade in coal, stone, brick, lime, lumber, grain, and cement. Its leading manufactures are Rosendale cement, bricks, cigars, and motor- trucks. The government is administered, under a charter, as revised 1880-1900. by a mayor elected every two years, who controls appoint- ments to most of the important municipal offices, and a unicameral council, which confirms the executive's nominations to the board of health, and elects the superintendent of fire alarm. The recorder and the city judge are chosen by popular election. Kingston owns and operates its water-works. Population, in 1890, 21,2ril : in 1900. 24..5.S.5. The first settlement here was made in 1052 by the Dutch, who called it Esopus, after the Esopus Indians. Until 1661. when it was organized with a separate jurisdiction as Wiltwick, it was a dependency of Fort Orange (Albany). In 1664 the English took control and in 1669 changed the name to Kingston. On .pril 20. 1777. New- York's first State Constitution was adopted here, and on September 9 Cliief .Justice .Tay opened the first State court. On October 16, 1777. an English force under General Vaughan entered the town and almost completely destroyed it with fire. In 1805 Kingston was incorporated as a village, and in 1872 it received a city charter and was enlarged by the addition of two adjoin- ing villages, Rondout and Wilbur. Consult Schoonmak°r. The Uiston/ of Kingston to 1S20 (Now York. 1S88). KINGSTON. A borough in Luzerne County, Pa., on I he Susipiehanna River, opposite Wilkes' tarre. and on the Lackawanna and the Lehigh Valley railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, F 2). Wyominar Seminary (Methodist Episcopal) is located here. The borough is eng-aged principally in coal-mining, and has repair shops of the Lackawanna Railroad. Popxilation, in 1890, 2.S81 : in 1900. .3846 Near Kinsrston stood Forty Fort, prominent in the Pennamite- Yankee War and in the Revolution. In the vicinity of this fort occurred, in 1778. the famous 'Wyoming ilas- sacre.' (See Wyoming Vallet.) A monument over 60 feet high has been erected on the site of the fort to commemorate the battle and mas- sacre. Kingston was incorporated as a borough in 1358. Consult Pearce, Annals of Luzerne Count!/, I'cnnsylvania (Philadelphia, 1860). KINGSTON, Charles Cameron (1850—). An Australian statesman, born in Adelaide. He was educated in his native city, and in 1873 was called to the bar. In 1881 he was elected for West Adelaide to the Assembly, and represented that constituency for many years. He was ap- pointed ^Attorney-General, and in 189.3 Premier. His administration lasted until his promotion, in 1901, to the Federal Cabinet of the Australian Commonwealth, in which he was appointed Min- ister of Trade and Commerce. As an advanced Liberal he favored radical measures in regard to the franchise, land, and labor questions. During his administration woman suftrage was enacted into law, the Labor Party was conciliated by factory legislation in behalf of workmen, and pro- gressive income ta.xation and death duties were imposed. He took part in the discussions preced- ing the establishment of the Australian Common- wealth, and in 1897-98 presided over the conven- tion v.liich framed the bill for that purpose. KINGSTON, EuzABETH (CHinjLEion), Duch- ess of (1720-88). An English adventuress, daughter of Thomas Chudleigh, who died in 1726, leaving his family in poverty. In 1743 her remarkable beauty led to her appointment as maid of honor to the Princess of 'ales, mother of George III. She was privately married in 1744 to Captain Hervey, a grand- son of the first Earl of Bristol, but did not long live with him, and for many years led a dis- solute life. In 1709 Evelyn I'ierrepont, the sec- ond Duke of Kingston, whose mistress she had been for some time, and who was ignorant of her former marriage, married her. and upon his death, in 1773, she succeeded to his large fortune. An attempt was made by the Duke's relatives to set aside the will on the ground of bigamy, of which offense she was declared guilty by the House of I-ords in 1776; but her right to retain the property was conceded on the ground that she received it by bequest. She spent much of her time on the Continent, lived for a while after 1777 in Saint Petersburg, and died in Paris. She is said to have been the original of Beatrice in Thackeray's I'.smond and of his Baroness Bern- stein in The Virginians. KINGSTON, William Hexrt Giles (1814- 80). An English novelist, famed as a writer of books for boys. A Londoner by birth, he lived long in Oporto, assisting his father in business there and writing political articles that were translated for the Portuguese press and helped to conclude the commercial treaty with England (1842). For this he was knighted and pensioned by the Government of Portugal, but he returned to his native land two years afterwards, edited the Colonist, and the Colonial Magazine and Kast India Rerieir. lectured also on emigration, and strove to lighten the lot of seafaring men. The Circassian Chief (1844) was his first book, but a love of the sea, fostered in many voyages to and from Portugal, is stamped upon his later works, more than one hundred in number, such as Peter the Whaler (1851). The Cruise of the Frolie (1860). The Fireships (1862). Ben Burton (1872), The Three Midshipmen (1873), The
