KIWI. 534 KLADDERADATSCH. birds in being at the extremity of the upper man- dible, and the bird makes a continual sniffling sound as it moves about. Other insects and some fruits are also eaten. The common statement that when quiet the kiwi sustains its weight by resting upon the point of the bill is an exaggera- tion; this attitude is rarely taken. Their num- bers are greatly decreased, and these liirds will soon become extinct, no doubt, as a wild species. Consult Xewton, Dictionary of Birds (Lon- don and New York. lS!)3-!Ui), for a general his- tory of investigations. For anatomy, consult: Oavou. Trunsacl ions of the Zoiiloyicnl ^S'ofic^)/, vol. ii. (London. 1846) ; Parker, Transactions of the I'hilosoiihical Society (London, 1801, 1892). For habits, consult Buller, Birds of yeu- ZeiiUivd {id ed.. London, 18S.S), and various articles in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. Sea Plate of CASi30WARIE.S, ETC. KIZILBASH, kiz'il-bash' (Turk., red head). A nickname applied by the orthodox Turks to some of the more or less heretical jicoples of Western and Central Asia. The name is said to have been first ttsed in the sixteenth century to distinguish in Persia tlie 'Persianized Turks' (the ruling class), who were Shiites and wore redcaps, from the orthodox Sunnites, who wore green caps and were known as Yefhilbash. Soon after, it was applied to the Shiite Turks from Persia settled in Asia ']Miuor and elsewhere. To-day the word is used of peoples of doubtful ethnic stock from the IMediterranean to the Hindu Kush. The Kizilbash of Afghanistan, largely merchants of the more educated class, peacefully inclined and professing the Shiite variety of Islam, arc generall}' spoken of as 'Persianized Turks.' Their pbj'sical ty])e seems to be largely Aryan, and not Mongolian. The physical type, religion, so- cial institutions, and so forth, of these people vary not a little in the different parts of the country, but all are chiefly pre-Osmanli. and per- haps even pre-Islamic. With certain other groups, such as the Taktadji, Yezidi, Ansariyeli, etc., they may represent, both physically and culturally, the older Aryan population of these re- gions. Among their Christian neighbors the Kizil- bash of Asia Minor have a good reputation, but they are more or less hated and despised by the orthodox Turks. Among them hero-worship still survives, and their marriage customs also carry one back to the days of the pre-Islamic Aiyans, some of them suggesting old Hellenic affiliations. Consult: Petersen and von Luschan. Ifcisen in Lylcien (Wien, 1880) ; Chantre, Rechcrchcs an- ihropotogiques dans I'Asie occidcntalc (Lyons, 1895). KIZIL IBMAK, kiz'Il fr-miik' (Lat. Halys). The longest river of Asia Minor, rising in the Karabel Dagh east of the tovn of Sivas (Map: Turkey in Asia, F 2). It flows at first south- west, and then, describing a semicircle, empties into the Black Sea. Its length is over 500 miles, btit the uncertainty of its course and its varying width and depth render it all but useless for navigation. Its chief tributaries are the Delidje and the Gok. KJEIiLMAN, kyel'man, Fraxs Reinhold (184fi— ). A Swedish botanist. He studied at the University of Upsala, where in ISS.S he be- came professor of botany and senior member of the faculty of philosophy. He accompanied Nord- enskjold on his exploration of the Arctic Ocean, and reported the results of his numerous studies of plants which grow in the extreme north in the scientific report of the Vega exjiedition. In 188-1 he was elected to membership in the Acad- cni}' of Sciences of Stockholm. KJERULF, kyiVrulf, Halfdan (1815-68). A Norwegian composer. He was at first intended for the Church, but gave up his theological studies and took up music in Leipzig. His com- positions were mainly songs, in many instances written for and sung by Sontixg, .Jenny Lind. and Nilsson, who made them popular tliroughout the world. Apart from the value of his songs and pianoforte compositions, which are typically Scandinavian, and in many instances models of great melodic excellence, he has exercised a powerful influence in the development of the pure- ly national Norwegian type, and more than any one else inspired the young Grieg (q.v. ). He died in Christiania, where a monument to his memory was erected in 1874. KJEBTJLF, TiiEODOR (1825-88). A Norwe- gian geologist, born in Christiania, and educated there and at Kongsbcrg. The years from 1851 to 1853 he spent in Germany, studying under Bis- chofT at Bonn and Bunscn in Heidelljerg. He made a special study of the disputed Christiania region, and wrote: Das Chvif^tinnia HiJnrhrclcrn (1855) and Teiwiser red geologiske Excursioner i Chris- tiania omcgn (1865). In 1857, with Dahll, he began his valuable charts and profiles, and he was ai)pointed professor of geology at Christiania, and director of the Geological Survey in 1858. In the latter post he continued bis studies of South- ern Norway, and in 1870 imblished Vdsiyt orcr dct sydlige Norges Gcoloyi. He held the old catastrophic theory in geologv'. Kjerulf was a contributor to belles-lettres also; his Digte og Skitser were edited by Lassen in 1890. KJOBENHAVN, UelKn-hiiv'n. The Danish form of the n:ime Copenhagen. KLACZKO, kUich'ko, JfLlAN (1828—). A Polis! writer, born of Jewish ])arents in Vilna. He made his literary debut in 1830 and published his Sonnets in 184.3. In 1849 he went to Paris and became a contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes. In his many essays, a number of which appeared in a Polish periodical, he tried to prove the possibility of a restoration of Poland, anil, actuated by hatred of Prussia, advocated an alliance between Austria and France. As a result of the war of 1806 he was appointed Court Councilor in the Austrian jMinistry of Foreign Affairs in 1869, but retired in 1870, and after a sojourn in Italy, rcttirned to Paris in 1875. The most important of his works are: L'ayitation unitairc en Pologne (1862) ; La porsie polonaise au lOime siccle (1862); Les prcliminaires dc Sadoira (1868-60) ; Vunion de la Pologne ct dc la [jithu(inie(S()9) : Causcries florentines{lSSO) . The political disclosures in his Deux chancellicrs. Gortchakoff et Bismarck (3d ed. 1877). created a sensation. The articles published in his Polish Gazette appeared in four volumes under the title Polish Annals (Paris. 1865). KLADDERADATSCH, kl4'dc-ra-dach'. A popular c(.mic paper, founded .in 1848 by David Kalisch. and issued weekly at Berlin. Its name is taken from a North German expression in- tended to convey the effect of a clattering fall. The paper is especially devoted to political satire, and attracted attention through its series of carl-
