KLINDWOKTH. 540 KLIPSPBINGER. largely self-taught, although lie studied the violin under a caiciul master. At the age of seventeen he became the conductor of a traveling opera troupe. In 184'J he taught the violin in his native city of Uauuver, but .soon gave it up and devoted himself to the pianoforte. He studied for two ^curs with Liszt. From 1854 to 1808 he met with great success in England as a pianoforte teaclier and concert pianist, after which he ac- cepted Rubinstein's invitation to become the pro- fessor of pianoforte at the Imperial Conservatory at Moscow. It was during this ]K'riod that he completed his s|)lcndid pianoforte scores of Wagner's Ring des Xihvluiujiii. and hrought out a complete revised edition of the compositions of Chopin. In 1882 he look up his residence in Mer- lin, and up to 1S02 was conductor of the Wagncr- verein, and, together with .loachim and iillncr. led the Philharmonic concerts. He established a conservatory of music in the German capital, which experienced considerable success. In 18!I3 he moved to Potsdam. Subsequently lie s|X'nt his time between that city and Berlin, devoting him- self entirely to private teaching and editorial work. As a teacher he had remarkable success, pupils going to him from all parts of the world. His compositions, besides those already men- tioned, include pieces for the pianofcric, arrange- ments of Schubert's (' Major Symphonn, and Tchaikovsky's symphonic poem Francesco- da Rimini. KLINGEB., kling'er, Frieoricii Maximiliax VON 117321831). A German writer, born at Frankfort-on-theJMain. He was educated at Giessen, and in ITT.'J appeared as the author of a prize tragedy. Die Znnllinge. He was a con- temporary of J. M. R. I.,enz, the painter and author Friedrich Miiller, and C F. D. Schu- bart, and one of the most conspicuous figures in the "Sturm und Drang' period of (Jerman liter- ature — which period, indeed, obtained its name from his drama of that title, published in 1776. In 1780 he went to Saint Petersburg, where he en- tered the Russian army. Previous military expe- rience, as a lieutenant in Wolter's volunteer corps during the War of the Bavarian Succession, proved valuable; by 1798 he was a major-general, and by 1811 lieutenant-general. His works of prose fiction assert an etliical jnirpose, but offend by ■want of taste. The same may be said of his dramas. His prose Fnuaf — or, in full. Fausts Lehcn, Thaten und Hiillcnfahrt (1701) — in which the hero is represented as the inventor of print- ing, has some historical value. His later volumes, such as Drr Weltmaiui und der Dichter (1798), and Betrnchtungev und fled-anlcen iiber nerschie- dene deg^nstande der Welf und dor Litterntur (3 vols.. 1802-05 — a selection of which appeared in Reclam's Unirersalhiblinthek) . though at times bitter and disappointed in tone, are more rational and stimulating. The .S7wr»n und Drnng may be found in reprint as No. 248 of the Rerlnnmrhe T'nirrrnnUiihliolhek. The last edition of the collected works was published at Stutt- gart in 1841. A selection (8 vols.) was published also at Stuttg.irt in 1878-80. Consult, further: Erdniann, Klingers dramatisclw Dichtungen (1877): Schmidt. Lertz und Klingrr (Berlin, 1878) ; the study hy Rieger (2 vols.. Darmstadt. 1880-Ofi) : Prosch, Klingrrst philnxophixche Ro- mane (Vienna. 1883) ; and vol. i. of Hfiirmer und Driinger (Stuttgart. 1883) in Kiirschner's Deutsche y ationalUlleratur. KLINGER, Ma.x (1857—). A German artist, painter, etcher, and sculptor, born in Leipzig. He studied under Gussow in Karlsruhe and in Ber- lin; made his debut in 1878 with some paintings and dr;iwings then severely criticised, but after- wards bought for the National Gallery; learned etching and aquatint by himself in 187!); and then studied in Brussels and in Munich, in Paris (1883 sqq.), and from 1888 to 1892 in Rome, wlicnce he returned to Leipzig. His activity falls into three natural divisions. In the earliest ( 1879-80), his most important works were cycles of etchings, which, apart from the classical sub- jects from Ovid and from Apuleius's Cuiiid and I'sycJic, and a few clever iiKxlcrn scenes, such as the "History of a (ilove" and the '■Inlerniezzi," were mvstical and allegorical. Among these are the famous "A Life" (1882), "Eve and the Future" (1880). and above all "Death" (1889), which is reminiscent at times of Diirer. but strikes many original notes, as in the dro<l skele- ton representing Death, and the wonderful series of "Brahms-Phantasie" (1894). The middle pe- riod is one of com]iosition in oils, and the most important titles are the ".Judgment of Paris" (1880. in the Vienna (iailerv); "L'heurc bleue" (1889) ; then in fifteenth-century style a "Pieta" and a "Crucifi.xion" (1890. Hanover Museum); and "Christ on Olympus" (1897. Vienna Mus- eum), all original in treatment and heroic in size, with marked psychological power. Psychological, too, are the earlier subjects in Klinger's polychromatic statuary, the "Salome" (1894) and '"Cassandra" (189.'^); which were followed by studies of the nude, "Bathing" (1898) and "Amphitrite" (1899), and liy the portrait statue of Beethoven (1902), in which the marble figure nude to the knee, which is covered with an onyx mantle, leans forward in an elaborately decorated bronze chair, with white marble angel-heads on the upper arms. The chair is set on great masses of cloud, with a black marble eagle at the front. All these statues are in the Leipzig Museum, save "Amphitrite," which is in the Kational Gallery. Berlin. Klinger wrote Mnlcrei und Zeirlm ling (3iled. 1899). Criti- cism on the whole takes him kindly and seriously. He became a member of the Berlin .Academy in 1884, and received gold medals at Vienna and Dresden in 1895. Consult the biography by Schmid (Leipzig, 1899), aiid that of Meisner (2d ed.. ib., 1899), as well as the latter's Klinger- werk (Munich, 189() and 1901). KLINGS. The so-called 'Klings,' or 'Kalin- gas.' of the seaports of Malacca. Farther India, and certain parts of the ICast Indies are said to he in many cases of Tamil origin, that people being the most enterprising of the Dravidians of Southeastern Hindustan. KLIP'DAS, or KXIPDACHS (Dutch, cliff- badger). The South African 'coney,' or 'roek- hadu-er.' See Hvkax. KLIP'SPRINGER (Dutch. clilT-springer) . .• small, agile, clifl'-liaimting South .African ante- lo|)e (Orrotragtis snitalor). It stands about 22 inches high, and is olive-hued aboveand whitish on the abdomen and inside of the legs and tail. Its hair.s are peculiarly sti(T and brittle. Its ears are very large, roundish and furry: and between them, on the head of the male, rise two short spike horns, curving gently forward. They haunt rocky hills, go about in pairs, and leap from ledge to ledge with amazing agility. The ten-
