KNEE-JOINT. 545 KNELLER. ligaments, some of which lie external to the joint, while others occupy its interior. The most important of the external ligaments are the anterior of Ugamentiim patella', which is in reality that portion of the quadriceps extensor cruris which is continued from the kneecap to the tubercle of the tibia ; one internal, and tvc external lateral lij^aments; a posterior lifpniient ; and ii capsular ligament, wliicb surrounds the joint in the intervals left by tlw prcceiling lipa- mints. The positions of those lij;aments are suf- ficiently indicated by their names. Of the in- ternal ligaments, the two crucial, so called because they cross each other, are the most ini- j)ortant. 'J'he external and internal semi-lunar cartilages arc two crescentric plates of cartilage; the outer part of each is thick, the inner free border thin. Each cartilaye covers nearly the fiulcr two-thirds of the correspondinfr articular surface of the tibia, and by its form deepens these surfaces for firmer articulation with the con- dyles of the femur. , The chief movements of this joint are those of a hinge-joint — namely, flexion and extension; but it is also capable of slight rotatory motion when the knee is half-flexed. During flexion the articular surfaces of the tibia glide backward upon the condyles of the femur: while in exten- sion they glide forward. The whole range of motion of this joint, from extreme flexion to extreme extension, is about 1.50 degrees. .Judging from its articular surfaces, which have comjiara- (ivel.v little adaptation for each other, it might be inferred that this was a weak and insecure joint ; and yet it is very rarely dislocated. KNEELAND, ne'land, Abner (1774-1844). An American Deist. He was oorn at Gardner, Mass.. April 0. 1774; and was first a Baptist preacher, then a Universalist. and finally a Deist. I'loni 1821 to 1823 he edited a I'niversalist peri- odical in Philadelphia; in 1828 he edited the Olive Branch in Xew York, and in 1830 founded in Boston the Inrcstiijator, a weekly expositor of his deistical views. He was also for several years in Boston the instructor of a deistical society meeting in .Julien Hall, where in 1830 William Lloyd Garrison, when elsewhere prohibited, de- livered his lectures against slavery. He died August 27, 1344. Among his publications were: The Deist (1822) ; Lectures on Universal Salva- /ion(1824) ; .1 Translation of the eir Testament ( 1822) ; and A Revieir of the Evidences of Chris- tianiti/ (18201. KNEE'LAND, Samuel (1821-86). An Amer- ican naturalist and physician, born in Boston. Mass. He was graduated from Harvard I'ni- versity in 1840. from its medical school in 1843. and studied medicine two years in Paris. In 1845 he began the practice of medicine in Boston, lecturing also on anatomy in Harvard University. He liecame professor of zoillog}' and physiology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology- in 1866 and also it^ secretary. During the Civil War he served as army svirgeon. Kneeland traveled extensively for the study of earthquakes and volcanic phenomena in Brazil. Iceland, the Hawaiian Islands, through the copper region around Lake Superior, etc. Tn IS.tI he edited with an introduction Smith's fjistori/ of the Jlii- man Species, and from 1866 to 1S(!0 edited the Annual of Scientific Discover;/. He contributed largely to scientific periodicals, and wrote nu- merous articles on zoological and medical sub- jects for the .'l»nericaii Cyclopadia and the Xew .Imcrican Cyclopredia. His book-form publica- tions include: Woiiderf^ of the Yosemite Valley and of California (1871) ; An .Imcrican in Ire- landi 1876) ; and The Land of IJemp and Sugar. KNEELAND, 8tili.m.
Kcster (1845—).
A Caiiadi:ui lawyer, born at South Stukely. Que- bec Province. He matriculated at McGill Uni- versity. ^Montreal, but graduated in law at Union College in New York State, where he resided after 1872. He was a corporal of Vermont troops in the Civil War. At the ])eace he began the study of law. was adniiltcd to the bar (1860), and was judgc-advocate-general in 1806 to 1808 on the staflr of Governor Black. In 1886 he accomplished the aboliti(in of perpetual imprison- ment for debt in the State of N'ew York, of whose Legislature he became a Republican member in 1804. KNEIPP, knlp, Sebastian (1821-97). A (ierman priest, the inventor of a special kind of water-cure.' He was born in Stefansried. Ba- varia, and began life as a weaver. His attention «as turned to the study of mediciice while l)reparing for the priesthood, and a trifling acci- dent is said to have led to systematic experi- ments in his water-cure treatment, of which one feature ia that patients are compelled to walk l>arefooted in the snow in winter and barefooted on the wet grass in sunmier. Sunshine, fresh air, water, and a definite object or routine ac- tivity at stated hours, are the chief factors in the Kiicipp treatment. In Wfirishofen, Swabia, where Kneipp lived as a priest, many patients are treated after his methods. Societies bearing his name exist in ditferent parts of the world. He wrote: Meine Wasserkur (1887; 69tli ed. 1901, trans. London, 1801); So sollt ihr leben (1889. 2.ith ed. 1000) ; Kindcrpflcqc in gesunden ur.d l.rankcn Tagen ( 1801. 12tli ed. 1806) ; Mein Tes- tament (1804. loth ed. 10001 ; Vorlriige in Woris- hofen (1894-08). His collected works were pub- lished in Kempten, 1808-99. Consult: Bhein, Das, liuch com Pfarrer Kneipp (Kempten. 1801) ; Verus. }'ater Kneipp. scin Leben und ^Yirken (ib., 1897). KNEISEL, kni'zel. Franz ( 1865- ) . A Ger- man-.Vmeriean violinist, born in Rumania of Ger- man parentage. He was educated in Bucharest and studied violin under (Jriin and Hellmesberger in icnna. From the position of coneertmaster in Bilse's orchestra. Berlin, he was called by Gerieke in 1885 to become first vicdin of the Boston Sym- phony Orchestra. The following year he organ- ized the famous •Kneisel (Juart<'t.' which has be- come the best-known quartet in the United States, and is a peer of any similar European organiza- tion. The personnel of the original "Kneisel Quartet' was: Kneisel (first violin). Otto Roth (second violin I. Louis Svecinski (viola). Alwin Scbn'Mlfr I violoncello). KNEIXER, nel'ler. Sir Godfrey (1646-1723). A (German portrait painter, who worked chief- ly in Kngland. He was born at Liibeck. Germany, .ugusl 8. 1646, the son of a jwrtrait painter, named Kniller. He studied painting under Ferdinand Bol at .msterdam. with ocasional lessons from Rembrandt. With his brother Ferdinand, who was also a painter, he traveled in Italy, studying at Rome, and esjwcially at Venice. On his return to Germany he
