KOKOMO. 578 KOLBE. $1500 is spent annuiiUy in improvements. Ko- kouio, first incorporated in IStio, is governed by a mayor, elected every four years, wliose appoint- ive power extends only to committees of the council, and by a unicameral council which elects all administrative ollieials, except the marshal, treasurer, and clerk, chosen by popular election. The school system is in charge of a board of three resident freeholders who are elected by the city e.iuncil. Population, in 1890, 8261; in 1900, I'o.Cion. KO'KO-NOR'. Another spelling for Kukn- nor. (1) A lake in Tibet. See KfKii-NOR. (2) A region of Tibet. See Tibet. KOLA, kcVla. The most northern settlement of Eiircipcau Russia, situated in latitude 08° 53' N., and longitude 50° 40' E., on tl;c peninsula of Kola, in the Government of Archangel (Maji: Russia, D 1). Population, in 1897, 015, mostly fishermen. Kola is mentioned as early as 12G4, and was fortified in the sixteenth century. KOLA-NUT. A brown bitter .seed used in medicine. Sec Cola-Xut. KOLA PENINSULA. A large peninsula of European Russia, extending southeastward from Xorthern Finland between the Arctic Ocean and the White Sea. It is oval in shape, about 250 miles long and 100 miles wide, being almost cut off from the mainland by a series of lakes and stream.s. It is mountainous in the southwest, and its coasts are rocky and steep. It is watered by numerous streams and lakes, and covered with pine forests, but very sparsely inhabited. A number of Russians live in the small villages along the coast, and a few Lapps inhabit the interior. KOLAPUB. kr.'la-poor'. A city of British India. Sec KoLTiAPiR. KOlIr, kiVUir, Josef Jir{ (1812-90). A Bo- hemian actor, dramatist, and novelist, born in Prague. He was for a time ti-aveling tutor to a noble Hungarian youtli. but went on the stage in 18.37, became famous in Shakespearean rOles, and Ijy 1809 was director nf (lie Czccli tlicatre at Prague. Besides his translations of Shake- speare, Goethe, and Scliillcr, he produced half a dozen volumes of ]irose fiction (1854-01), several comedies such as Mrai-ciici (1870) and Dcjte mi camnnt iH7l) . and the tragedies .l/o»i7,:a ( 1847) ; Zizkova mirt (1850) ; .l/f(f/c?0)ia (1851 ) ; Pra-sJnj -id (1872); Smiricti (1881): Prim/itor (1883); KrdloriM ISarhnra (1884) ; VmrUi hlava (1885) ; and Mistr Jeroiijiin (1880). KOLA'RIAN PEOPLES. A group of East Indian trilies, lumibcring between two and three millions, wlio inbaliit the jungle and nioiuitaiiis of the eoiintry west and southwest of Calcutta in the Presidency of Bengal, and the regions adjoin- ing. The principal Kolarian tribes are the ilun- da-Kols of Cbota Nagpur. the Larka-Kols (or Ho, as they call themselves) of the Singbhum dis- trict in Chota Xagjiur. the Bliumij in western Bengal, the Santals who inhabit a stretch of coun- try from the mouth of the river ^Mahanadi in northern Orissa to Bhagalpur on the Ganges in northern Bengal, the Karia of Lohardaga in Cho- ta Nagpur, tile Juang or Patun of the Cuttack country about the mouth of the ^Maliaiiadi in Orissa, etc. The Savarasor Saoras. inhabiting parts of western Bengal, Orissa, and Jladras. are by some authorities classed with the Kolarians, and by others with the Dravidian peoples; lin- guistically they would seem to be more allied to the former and physically, perhaps, more to the latter. A few other smaller tribes arc prac- tically in the same condition. The physical type of the Kolarians is probably best preserved in Ihe .Juang, about the most primitive trilie of this stock, who are short-statured, dolichocephalic, with prominent zygomatic arches and rather Hat faces. The ilunda-Kols are the most doliclioce- plialic and the Larka-Kols (who have some ad- mixture of Aryan blood) the tallest, both these and the Kols of the Nortliwcst Provinces and Oudh being above the average height. Pli.vsically, the Kolarians are not absolutely distinct from, the Dravidians, and many ethnologists class both as sulnliviaians of one and the same somatic race. Others, however, think that the Dravidian type diil'ers little from tlic Hindu, except where it has been modified by contact with llie Kolarians and dark aborigines. The 'negroid' characteristics of the Kolarian have been much exaggerated, and .such as may exist are ])erliaps due to pre-Dravid- ian and pre-Kolarian aborigines of negroid stock. The Kolarians have never reached the height of culture attained by the Dravidians. nor have they ilistinguished themselves in arcliiteclure or re- ligion. The .Juang reiirescnt the lowest stage of the Kolarians, being hunters and gatherers of fruits, roots, etc., and making only the most primitive attempts at agriculture; the Kharia are partly civilized and some of them use the plow; some of the Santals are at a stage be- yond this, as are also some of the other Kols or Mundas. The Kolarians have largely retained their old animistic religion with an overcast of polytheism, although with some of them a rude form of Hinduism prevails. The Kolarian languages are about ten in miniber. Inlike the Dravidian tongues, they possess a dual for nouns, but lack a negative verb-form. They are ricli in inllection by suffixes and in conjugation. The best-studied of these is the Santal; a gram- mar by Skefsrud was jaiblished in 1873, and an edition of .Tv.so/i'.s Falilex in 1880. There is also a Orrnnmiilik der Kolh-Sprachc (Giitersloh, 1882) b? Xottrott. Consult: Caldwell, Cowi/mra- tire drammar of Ihe Didvidian Laiinuatic (3d ed., London, 1875) ; Cust, Modern Lniipiiarics of the East Indies (London, 1878) : Man. Soiithalin and the )S'oH//if/?.si (London, 18(57) ; Dalton. Descrip- tive Ethnolofiy of ifenr/o? (Calcutta. 1872) : Hunt- er, Annals of Rural Bcntinl (London, 1808-72) ; Pvownev, Wild Trihes of' India (London, 1882); V.vciii, Primitive Folk (London, 1890). KOLB, kiMp, Gkoro Frtedricii (1808-84). A German politician and statistician. He was born at Speyer, in Rhenish Bavaria, where for more than twenty years he conducted a lilieral journal until its suppression by the Government in 1853. Later, as a member of the Bavarian Parliament. Kolb strenuously opposed the federal union of Germany, and was finally forced to take up his residence in Zurich to escape from the ]x-rseciitions of the Bavarian Government. He returned in 1860. again to become the editor of a liberal journal. His chief works are: Hand- hiich der vergleiehendcn fltatistik (8th ed. 1879) and Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit (3d ed. 1884). KOLBE, kcM'bp, Hebm.^nx (1818-84). A Ger- man chemist, bom at Elliehausen, near Gottingen.
