KOSCIUSZKO. 598 KOSSUTH. French by Chodzko (Paris, 1837) ; in Polish by Paszkovski (Craoow, 1872) ; consult also a brief monograph by Arnold, Tadeits: Kosciuszko in der (Uulxcluii IJtttnitur (Berlin, 1S"J8). KOSEGAKTEN, kO'ze-gUr'ttn. JouAXX Gott- FRIEU LLDWiii (17'J2-1860j. A German Oriental- ist, philologist, and historian, born at Alten- kirchen, island of RUgen, the son of Kosegarten the poet. He studied theology and philosophy at Greifswald, where he Ix'came adjunct professor in both these branches after two years in Paris (1812-14) devoted to the study of Oriental lan- guages. As i)rofessor of those languages, he was called to Jena in 1817, and recalled to Cireifswald in 1824. On Arabic language and literature, which were his special field, he published: De ilohammcdc ibit Biituta cjusijiie Iliiitribiis (1818); the ModUaKa of Anir ibn Koltlium (1819) ; the Chreslumuthiu Arahica (1828) ; and the editions, unfortunately not completed, of the Annuls uf Tahiiri, with a Latin translation ( 1831- 37) ; of the collection of lyrics liildb al-aghiini, vol. i. (1840-40) ; and of The IJ iiilsiiiliaii J'ocms, vol. i. (1854). Besides these, he produced a German translation of the Xaln episddc in the Sanskrit epic of the Mahabharata (1820), edited the collection of fableii, I'unlnchatanlra, vol. i. (1848), and in collaboration with Iken issued a German version of the Persian collection of fairy tales Tuti nameh (1822). To the historj- of his native province he contributed an edition of Kantzow's old chronicle I'oiiicniiiia (1816-17), followed by I'onniicrsihe und riiijische (Icschichts- denkmiilcr. vol. i. (1S34), and with Hasselbach Codex Pomeraiiice Diplomaticus. vol. i. (1843- 62). He also wrote a (JenchichU- der Universitiit Crreifswald (1850). but the completion of his Wiirterbueh der niederdeiitschen tSprache (vol. i. 1850-00) was prevented by his death. KOSEGARTEN, Lrowin TuEonn, (1758- 181Si. A liiTirMii poet. He was liorn at Oreves- miihlen. Mecklenbvirg-Schwerin, studied theology at (Jreifswald, and in 1702 became pastor at Altenkirchen. in the island of Riigen. In 1808 he was called to Greifswald as professor of liistory. which chair lie exchanged for that of theology in 1810. and at the same time became pastor in that city. Although some of his poetic produc- tions enjoyed great popularity in their time, only a few of his lyrics have survived, as "Das Amen der Steine." He was most successful in the idyllic epics Die Iriselfahrf (1805) and Jueunde (1808: 7th ed. 18.55). the latter an imitation of the Luise of Voss without its charm and realism. An insight into his life and character may be gained from his Das funfzigste Jnhr meines J.ehiiis (1815). Consult, also, his biography by Franck (Halle. 1887). KOSEL, kr/zel. A city of Prussia. See CosEi. KOSER. ko'zer, Reinhold (1852—). A Ger- man historian, horn at Schmarsow in Prussia. He was educated at Berlin. Vienna, ami Halle. In 1882 he was appointed keeper of the Berlin archives, and in 1884 professor of history. In 1890 he went to Bonn in the same capacity; ir. 1890 was chosen head of the Prussian archives, and two years later was appointed Priissi.an historiographer. Frederick the Great was Ro- ger's especial study. He wrote: Friedrich der Oronie als Kronprinz (1880), Koiiig Friedrich der Oro.txe. vol. i. (1890-93, coming down to 1756), I'olitische Korrespondenz Friedrichs des Orosseii (1879-83), and Unterhaltungen Fried- richs des drossen mit H. de Vatt ( 1884) . KOSLIN, kes-len'. A town in the Province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the Miihlcnbach, eight miles from the Baltic Sea (Maj): Prussia, G 1 ) . It has several iron-foundries and niauu- factures of pa|)er, silk, etc. Koslin dates from 1188 and became a town in 1200. Population, in ISIK), 17,810; in 1900, 20,418. KOSLOV, koz-lAf. A district town of the Government of Tambov, Russia, 45 miles north- west of the town of Tambov, and about 250 miles southeast of JIoscow (Map: Russia, F 4). It lies at the junction of two important railway lines, and is an important centre in the grain and live-stock trade. The manufacturcil i)roducts are machinery, tobacco, leather, an<l tallow. In the vicinity is situated the Troitzkoi Monastery. Population, in 1897. 40,347. Koslov was founded by a hermit in 1027. KOSSO'VO. An elevated plain in European
- Turkey, in the Vilayet of Kossovo (Turkish
Servia), drained by the Sitnitsa, a tributary of the Marava. Here, on June 15, 1389, a battle was fouglit between the Servians and the Turks under .murath or Murad 1.. in which the latter were completely victorious ; but the Turkish .Sul- tan was killed after the battle (according to the common account ) by a wounded Servian. An- other battle was fought in the same place in 1448 by Ji'inos Hunyady against the Turks, in which the Hungarian couuuander was completely de- feated. In the Serb language "Kossovo Polye' means the 'Field of the Blackbird.' KOSSUTH, kush'i.it, La.ios (Louls) (1802- 94). The leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-49. He was born April 27, 1802. at Monok, in the County of Zemplin, in Hungary. His family was of Slavic origin and of noble rank ; his father was a lawyer. He studied law at the Protestant college of Sflrospatak and at Pesth, practiced first in his native county, and in 1831 established himself in Pesth. In 1832 he began his political career in the Upper House of the Diet as a proxy of a magnate, and edited a Liberal paper, which, owing to the state of the laws, was not printed, but copied by hand and circulated. The subsequent publication of a lithographed paper led, in JIay. 1837, to Kos- suth's imprisonment. He was liberated in 1840, and until 1844 was the editor of the PestiHirlap, in which he advocated views too extreme for any of the Liberal Party among the nobles, but which took strong hold of the people in general, csi)ecially of the youth of the country. In Xo- vcmber, 1847, he was sent as a Deputy from Pesth to the Lower House of the Diet, and soon distin- guished himself as an orator, and became the leader of the opposition. He advocated the emancipation of the peasants, the abolition of feudal privileges, the elevation of the citizen class, and the freedom of the press. When Jletternich was driven from power in March, 1848, Kossuth openly demanded a separate Ministry for Him- gury, and in the same month became Minister of Finance in the Cabinet of Count Louis Bat- thyatni. In the great patriotic movement of which he was the soul and head, Kossuth by his devotion to the cause of the Magyars aroused the enmity of the other nationalities within Hungary, and thus precipitated a conflict with the Slavic peoples of the sotith, which gave
