KOSTLIN. 600 KOSZTA AFFAIB. GiiUiiigcn (from 1855), Brcslau (I860), and Halle (1870). A partial list of his writings in- cludes: Luthers Lchre von dvr Kirche (2d ed. 1868) ; Das Wescn der Kirche, etc. (2d ed. 1872) ; Martin Luther, sein Lehcn nnd Mine Schriften (4th ed. 1889) ; also a popular life of the reformer, Luthers Lehen (!Hh ed. 1891); Der (ilauhe mid seine Bedeutung fiir Erkenntnis, Lehen und Kirche (1895) : and Christliche Ethik (1898). After 1873 he edited Thcoloyische tStu- dien und Kritiken. Consult his autobiography (Danzig, 1891). KOSTLIN, Karl Reinhold (1819-94). A German theologian and writer on a<sthetics. born at Uraeh, Wurttemberg. He studied in Tiibingcn and IJerlin, settled in the former city as privat- doeent of pliilosophy and theology, and was ap- pointed professor of a-sthetics and art history in 1857. In this connection lie ]mblishpd: flocthes Faust, seine Kiitikcr und Ausletjer (1860); Hegel in philosophischer, politischcr und na- lionalcr Beziehung (1870); Aesthetik (1863-G9), his principal work, combining subtle judgment with lucid exposition; Richard n'agncrs Ton- drama: Der Ring des Nibelungen (1877) ; Ueber den Schonheitsbegriff (1879); Geschichle der Ethik his Plato (1887). His theological writings inehule Dtr Ursprung und die Koinposition der sgnoplisrhvn Erangelien (1853). KOSTOMABOFF, k6'st6-ma'r6f, Nikolai IVANOViTCH (1817-85). A famous Russian hi.s- toriaa and author, born in the Government of Voronezh. He studied in the universities of Kharkov and Moscow, and after having served in a regiment of dragoons was api]ointed in 1846 instructor in history in Kiev. Here he founded the Slavophile Society of Saints Cyril and Methodius, and a secret society to revive Little Russian literature. He was deprived of his professorship in 1847 and banished to Sara- tov, whence he was allowed to go abroad only after the death of Nicholas I. In 1859-62 lie held a professorship of history in Saint Peters- burg, where his lectures attracted throngs of listeners. He began in Russia the method of treating history as the life of the people and not the growth of the State, and his North- Russian Com moil irenlths (1863) was epoch- making in proving the antiquity of republican institutions in Rissia ( Novgorod and Pskov ) . His historical novels are in striking discord with his views of history as a science: they are full of anachronisms, and most momentous historical events are often laid to the wliims of personages unknown to history. His most importjint works are llisloriral Monographs (12 vols.. 1868) and Russian. Ilistorg in Biographies of Her Chief Men (1875-76) . the first volume in German trans- lation by Honckel (Leipzig, 1886). KOSTROMA, kos'tro-ma'. A government of Central Ku^jsia, north of the governments of Vladimir and Nizhni-Novgorod, wilh an area of nearly 32,.500 square miles (jIap: Russia, F 3). The surface is generally level, with a few hills along the courses of the rivers; about 60 per cent, of the total area is under forests. The climate is severe, the average annual temperature being about 40°. The region is watered by the Volga and its tributaries. Agriculture, although the chief occupation, is in a low stage of developiuent. the product being insufficient for domestic demands. Hemp is cultivated on a large scale, and horses of a high grade are raised. There are manufac- tures of cotton goods, pottery, linen, wooden, and small metal articles; they are produced mainly in the rural districts as adjuncts to agriculture. The trade is chielly in forest products and manu- factures. Tlio migration of artisans from Kos- troma to the industrial centres of the Kiii|iire is very consideralile. Population, in 1897, 1,429,228, composed |)rincipally of (ireat Russians. Capi- tal, Kostroma (q.v. ) . KOSTROMA. Capital of the government of that name, in European Russia, situated near the junction of the River Kostroma with the Volga, 500 miles from Saint Petersburg (Map: Russia, F 3) . The most notable building is the Cathedral of the Assumption (1272). The educational in- stitutions include a gynmasium. a high school, a seminary, a technical school, and a theatre. It has considerable manufactures, chielly of linen; and there is trade in corn, leather, fla., and provisions. Population, in 1889, 31.981; in 1897, 41,268. Kostroma was probably founded in 1152. KOSZEG, k&'sgg. A city of Hungary. Sea Gt'xs. KOSZTA (kfi'sta) AFFAIR. In American history the name applied to a diplomatic episode, involving the rights in foreign countries of emi- grants to the United States as yet not fully nat- uralized. A certain Martin Koszta. of Hungarian birth, who had taken part in the political move- ment of 1848-49 for detaching Hungary- frinu the dominion of the Emperor of Austria, and who had tied to Turkey upon the failure of that move- ment, emigrated to the United States after a short detention in Turkey, and in .July, 1852. made a declaration inider oath of his intention to become a citizen of the United States, at the same time renouncing all allegiance to any foreign power. After a residence of a year and eleven months he returned to Turkey on private business, and was placed under the protection of the United States by the American consul at Smyrna and the American charge d'affaires ad intcr-im at Constantinople. While waiting to return to the United States he was taken, by force, aboard the Austrian brig-of-war Hussar and confined there in chains. The American officials protested in vain both to the Turkish Government and to the Austrian olficcrs, and finally on July 2, 1853, Captain Ingraham of the I'nited States sloop-of- war Haint Louis, then lying in Smyrna harbor, threatened to open fire if Koszta was not sur- rendered to him by four o'clock. The Austrian consul-general then agreed that Koszta should be held by the consul-general of France until some agreement was reached. On August 29, 1853, Baron Hiilsemann, the Austrian charge d'afTaircs .It Washington, wrote to Secretary of State
- Marcy, asking that the United States "disavow
the conduct of its agents, . . . hasten to call them to a severe account, and tender to Austria a satisfaction proportionate to the outrage," basing his request on the ground that Koszta had never ceased to be a citizen of Austria, and that Ingraham's threat was in violation of inter- national law. ^larcy replied, September 26, 1853, in a ringing letter, known as the Hiilse- mann letter, in Avhich he defended the position of the United States throughout, on the ground that Koszta had ceased to be a citizen of Austria even by the law of Austria, "that Koszta when seized and imprisoned was invested with the
