KBAKATOA. 606 KRAPOTKIN. island is without permanent population. Consult: fciynions, The Eruption of Krakalou and tiubse- qucnt Phenomena (London, 1888) -, Verbeek, Kra- katua (Batavia, 1884). See Volcano. KRAKEN, krii'kfn (Dan., from Xorweg. Ani/.c, sort of sea-munster) . A mythical colossal creature said to have haunted the seas and coast of Norway. Its shape and liabits were described bj'the Xorwegian bisliop Vontoppidan in 1750. Ac- cording to )iis account its back was about a. mile and a half in circumference; its body rose from the sea like an island, stretching out mast-like arms capable of dragging down the largest ship ; and when it sank toward the bottom it caused a whirlpool in which large vessels were involved to their destruction. It was also said to make the waters around it thick and turbid, and thus was able to devour the shoals of fishes that swam to the place attracted by the musky smell. The origin of the various stories of the krakeu are probably attributable to the occasional occur- rence in the northern Atlantic of colossal squid. It is these gigantic animals which on rare occa- sions have been seen by fisliermen and others, and which have given rise in past ages to the stories or fables of this kind. See Squid. ]!rBLiOGK,rHY. J. Gibson, Monsters of the Sea (London, 1887); Packard, "Colossal Cuttle- fishes," in The American Xaturalist, vol. vii. (Salem, 1873); Verrill, '"The Colossal Ceplialo- pods of the North Atlantic," in Aimrican Xatu- ralist, vol. ix. (Salem, 1875) : Verrill, "Gigantic Squids," in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, vol. v. (New Haven, 1879). KRAMBAMBTTLI, kram-biimljoole. A Slavic term originally signifying cherry brandy; then, especially in student slang, any spirituous drink. Krambambuli is the title of one of the most popu- lar German student songs, the words of which were written by Wittekind in Danzig in 1745 un- der the pseudonym of Crescentius Koromandel. The music is a popular eighteenth-century air. The song in an English translation is also popu- lar in American colleges. KRAMEEIA. See RIIATA^■Y. KRANTZ, kr-ints. Albert (1450M517). .K German scholar and statesman. He was born in Hamburg, traveled widely in Kurope, studied theologv- and philosophy at Hamburg and Ros- tock, and became rector of the latter university. As Syndic of Hamburg he was present in 1489 at the Hanseatic Assembly at Wismar, and was sent as Ambassador to France in 1497. and to England in 1499. In 1500 he was chosen arbi- trator by John, King of Denmark, and Frederick, Duke of Ilolslein. in their dispute concerning the Province of Ditmarschen. Though he introduced many ecclesiastical reforms while dean of the chapter of Hamburg, to which oflice he was ap- pointed in 1508, he was not in sympathy with the movement introduced by Luther. His principal works are Chronica Regnorum AijuiJonarum, pub- lished in Strassburg in 1562, and an ecclesiastical history of Saxony. KRANTZ, Jeajt Baptiste SfiBASXiEX (1817- 99). A French engineer, bom at Arches, Vosges, and educated at the Polytechnique (1836) and the Ecole des Fonts et Chaussges (1838). He was best known as constructor of the Industrial Palace at the Exposition of 1867, as inventor of a movable dam for the Seine (1868), and for his service in the siege of Paris in 1871. In the last year he was elected a Deputy, and in 1875 was elected to the Senate, where he ojjposed Boulanger and was leader of the Opportunists. He wrote Projet de creation d'unc urmie des iravaux publics (1847) and Obscrrations au sujet des ehemins de fer (1875). KRANTZ, .Jules Francois Emile (1821—). A I'rt-nili naval ollicer, born at Arches. Vosges, a cousin of .1. B. .S. Krantz. He entered the na-y at the age of sixteen, was captain of a frigate by 1861. and in 1869 was promoted to command the training ship iMiiis XIV. In the Francii-Ger- man War he directed the defences of Fort Ivry.and in 1871 was chief of department in the Jlinistry of Marine; two years afterwards he commanded the naval division in Chinese waters as rear- admiral. On his return to France he was made director of the marine works and vice-admiral in 1S77. He was placed on the reserve in 1880, and was Minister of Marine in successive Cabi- nets in 1888-89. He published Elements de la thiorie dii navire (1852) and Considerations sur les roulis des bdtiments (1867). KRAPF, krapf, Joiianx Ludwig (1810-81). A German missionary, explorer in British East Africa, and specialist in African linguistics. He was born at Derendigen near Tubingen, where he studied theologj'. In 1837 he went to Abys- sinia as missionary of the English Church Mis- sionary Society, and with his fellows, Erhardt and Rebniann. made many valuable tours into Usambara (1848 and 1852) and Ukamba (1849 and 1851). Krapf brought to Europe the first definite information about the Victoria Nyanza, !Mount Kilimanjaro, and Mount Kenia. which he visited in 1849. After a short stay in England he returned to Africa in 1854, but was forbidden by King Theodore to enter Abyssinia. He re- turned to Germany and lived near Stuttgart till 1867, when he joined the English expedition to Abyssinia. He wrote : lieisen in Ostafriica in den Jahrcn lS37-5o (1858) ; Vocabulary of Six East African Languages (1850); Elements of the Kisuahili Language (1851); several biblical translations into African dialects; and the Die- tionary of the Suahili Language (1882). Con- sult C'laus, Ludaig Krapf (Basel, 1882). KRAPOTKIN, kra-pofkin. Prince Peter Alexeyevitcii (1842 — ). A Russian geographer and anarchist, born at Moscow. As a boy he be- came a member of the corps of pages de chambre — a privilege much sought after by the Russian nobility because of the intimate relation of the pages with the Imperial family — and received an excellent education in physical and military science. It was the ambition of his father that Krapotkin should devote his life to service at the Court; but the life at Saint Petersburg re- pelled him, and in 1S02 he elected service in a Cossack regiment which was to be stationed in the Amur region in Siberia. There he engaged in several important administrative duties, and made explorations in parts of JIanchuria, then wholly unknovn to geographical science. A study of the economic conditions of the Amur settlements led him to entertain schemes for im- portant reforms, but the bureaucratic adminis- tration rendered any reform impossible, even thwarting improvements initiated by the settlers. This experience first prepared him for anarch- ism. In 1867 he returned to Saint Petersburg and entered the university. His explorations in
