KRASZEWSKI. 608 KRAUSE. poot, born in Warsaw. He studied history and jjliilology at the University of Vilna, toolc part in the uprising of 1830-31. and was imprisoned until 1833. He .settled in Volhj'nia in 1837, and devoted himself to literature. The works which lie produced at this period .show clearly the in- fluences of Go,;,'ol, Dickens, and Balzac. Between 1853 and 1858 lie was curator of schools in Volliynia. In 185!) he took up at Warsaw the publication of tlic Gazeia Polska. Exiled in ISOli, he settled in Dresden, and in 187() be- came a Sa.Kon subject. In 1884 he was sen- tenced to three and a half years' imprisonment on the charge of high treason in liaving pro- cured plans of a German fortress for the French Government, but .after a time received a six uiiinths' leave of absence, on account of his im- paired health, on depositing 20,000 marks as security. He went to Italy and never returned to prison, dying in Geneva. Kraszewski was the most productive of all Polish writers; of his works, numbering more than 350 titles and about 000 volumes, a selection in 102 volumes appeared in Lemberg in 1871-75. !Most of them are works of fiction. He chose as themes so- cial political questions; the greater number of his novels deal with Polish history, especially the history of Poland in the eighteenth century, which the author knew thoroughly. Besides fiction, Kraszewski wrote histories and poetry. His most important poetical work is Atuifielas (1839-44), a great epic trilogy of Lithuania. A German translation of it appeared in 1883 at Posen. Some of liis sketches Kraszewski wrote under the pseudonym 'I'oleslawita.' Selections from his Aorks were published in 12 volumes (Vienna, 1880-81). Consult: Bohdanowitsch, Kraszewski in scinem Wirken und seincn Wcrkoi (Leipzig, 187!)) ; and. in Polish, Chmielowski, Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski (Krakow, 1888). KBAtrS, krous, Franz Xaveb (1840-I90I). A German Roman Catholic theologian, born at Treves. He studied at the Universities of Treves, Freiburg, Bonn, and Paris. In 1872 he became jirofcssor extraordinary of history and Christi.an archa-olog}' at the University' of Strassburg, and in 1878 he was appointed ))rofessor ordinarius of Church history at the University of Freiburg. His jmblications include: Ucber das f^tiidiiim der Theolnrpe sonst und jetzt (1890) ; Lehrhucht dcr Kirohengeschichie (1872-87); Realcncyclopadie der christlichen AUeriihner (1880-86). Consult Braig. Znr Erinncrung an Franz Xaver Kratis (Freiburg. 1902). KRAUSE, kroii'zf. Ern.st Ludwio ( 1839-1903 ) . A Gi'iiiuin autlio.r, known under the pseudonym 'Cams Sterne.' born at Zielcnzig. He soon aban- doned his original profession of pharmacist for the study of natural histcn-y and the history of civilization; settled in Berlin in 1800, and contributed much to the dissemination of natural science, especially of Darwin's theories. In this connection he was led by his researches to recog- nize in Charles Darwin's grandfather, Eras- mus Darwin (q.v.), the true originator of the theory of the descent of man. Darwin caused the treati.se devoted to this subject to be trans- lated into English, and to be supplemented by a biography of his grandfather (1879). In con- junction with Darwin and Haeckel. Sterne edited the monthly Koxmna (1877-82). His other nub- lications include: Werden und Vergchcn. Eine EntwicTcelungsgeschichte des Naturganzen (4th cd. 1899-1900) ; Vie Krone der Hehiipfung (1884) ; Charles Daruin und sein 'erlidltnis zu Dcutschland (1885) ; J'hiudereien aus dcm Para- diese. Dcr Naturzusland des Menschen (188(i) ; Die allgemeine M'ellanschauung in Hirer ]iis- iorischen Entwickeluntj (1880); Natur und Kunst (1891); Tuisku'land (1891); Die Troja- hurgen Nordcuropas (1893); Die nordische Ihrkunft der Trojunage (1893); Oeschichte der hioluqischen Wissfnsctuifteii im neunzehntcn Juhr'hnndcrt (1901). KBATJSE, GoTTLOB Adolf (1850—). A Ger- man explorer, born at Ockrilla, near Meissen. He made his first trip to Africa with the expe- dition led by Miss Alcxine Tinn^ (q.v.), but escaped her fate and returned to Germany and studied at Leipzig. In the early eighties be went to West Africa, and studied the interre- lations of the inhabitants between Lagos and the Niger. In 1880-88 an expedition lieaded by Kr.ause made extensive explorations in Northwest Africa; and from 1888 to 1894 he explored the Gold Coast. He wrote: Ein Beit rag zur Keniit- nis der fulischcn iipraehe ; Proben der Sprache ran Ghat in der Hahara (1884) ; and, in the Pro- ceedings of the Vienna Academy, Die Musuk- sprache in Ccntralafrika (1886). KRAUSE, Karl Ciiri.stian Friediucii (1781- 1832). A German philosopher and writer on Free- masonry. He studied philosophy at .lena, became privat-docent there in 1802, then taught in Dres- den, and lectured subsequently in Berlin and tiiit- tingen. Though his courses in philosophy were very popular, he was unable to secure a professor- ship. For this purpose he went to Munieli (1831). but was disliked as a socialist, since he maintained that all mankind should be asso- ciated in a. common endeavor for universal devel- opment. Feeling that he found in Freemasonry the first principles of such an organization, he had joined the order in 1805 and written much in its interest. He roused resentment, however, by his independent theories, and was expelled in 1810. Among his works on this subject were Die drei iiltcsten Kunslurkundcn dcr Frci- maurerhriiderschaft (3d ed. 1849) and Hohere ^'ergeistignng der echt iiberlicferten. Grund- sgmhole der Freimaurerei (3d ed. 1820). In philosophy Krause's work has been difi'erently estimated by difl'erent historians. Hcinze in his revision of Ueberweg's Hislorg of Philosophi/ speaks of Krause as "the many-sided, peculiar and deep thinker." while Windelband says that "Krause has scarcely any other originality than the very objectionable one of presenting the thought common to the whole idealistic develop- ment in an unintelligible terminology." The universe, for Krause, exists in God. God is essence prior and superior to all distinction and difference, and yet comprehending within itself all distinctions and differences. These compre- hended differences constitute finite realities, which are thus members of the articulate system of divine essence. Organic union is thus a fundamental fact of reality, and hence must be striven for by man in his moral, social, and political life. Every individual should be a member of a union (liiind). and every union should belong to a larger union until at last all humanity is included in a definitely organized social system. His most important works on
