KULJA. 6'J6 KULTUKKAMPF. KtJLJA, knnl'ja, or KITLDJA. A town of the Chinese Empire in East Turkestan, situated in the valley of the Hi River, in latitude 43° 58' N., longitude 81° 25' E. (Map: Asia. H 4). It is u.sually called 'Old' or Tatar Kulja, to distin- guish it from Manehu or "Xew' Kulja. founded in 1764, the ruins of which lie lower down the valley, the city liaving been destroyed during the Jlohammedan Rebellion, 1805. The name is also applied to Hi, the province in which Kulja stands. By agreement with China, Russia in 1871 undertook to occupy the city and province until such time as China could establish per- manent government there. By treaty made in 1881 Russia withdrew, but retained a portion to provide a place "where the rebels could find a refuge." During the Russian occupation Old Kulja was the capital. It is a walled town in Chinese style, and has a population of about 12,- 000, chiefly Taranchi or native Turks. Russia has a consul here with a very large staff. The Chinese capital is now at Suiting, some 25 miles distant. KTJLLAK, kul'lak, Theodob (1818-82). A German musician, born at Krotoschin, Posen. He was intended for the legal profession, but studied music under Albert Agthe, Hauch, Czer- ny, Seehter, and Xicolai. In 1843. after having already had some experience as a teacher, he be- came the music-teacher to Princess Anna, and sJbsequenth" to the other children of the royal family. He founded two conservatories in Ber- lin, one in 1851 and one in 1855. In 1861 he re- ceived the title of royal professor. He was an excellent pianist and a distinguished teacher (Moszkowski and Scharwenka were among his pupils), and wrote Schulc des Oklaren^piels, known in English as School of Octave Playing, ■which is universally used. His music was prin- cipally for the piano, and was dainty and popu- lar. The best known piano pieces were : Kinder- leben. a series of charming sketches; Airs nation- aux riisscs ; and La gazelle. KUIiLBEBG-,. koolljar-y'. K.A.RL Anders (1813-57). A Swedish author, born at Stock- holm. He studied law at the University of Up- sala, and rose to be deputy judge of the Supreme Court before he left the bench for literature. He made admirable translations of Tasso and Ariosto, wrote a romance of the Thirty Years' War called Knrl Giistnf Wrangel (1833), .some epic poems, and a play entitled Svenskarne i tieapel (1836), edited Freja (1830-44), drew a striking historical picture of the times in (justav HI. och hans hof ( 1838-39 ) , and published Hys- konbarnen (1846) and travel sketches. KTTLM, kulm. A small village of Bohemia, Austria, situated eight miles northeast of Tep- litz. It is noted as the scene of two bloody con- flicts, on August 29 and 30. 1813. between the French and Allies, which resulted in the sur- render of the French general Vandamme. with about 10.000 men. after having lost about 5000 men on the field. Population, in 1890, 999. KULM. A town of Prussia in. the Province of West Prussia, near the Vistula, about 23 miles northeast of Bromberg (Map: Prussia. H 2). The only remaining trace of its former strong fortifications is an old gateway containing an ancient chapel. Among its notable buildings are the town hali. dating from the sixteenth century, and the Church of Saint Mary, the former cathe- dral of the bishopric of Kulm. The chief indus- trial establishments are iron-foundries, machine- works, and breweries. Population, in 1890, 9702; in 1900, 11,080. Kulra was bestowed by Frederick II. in 1220 upon the Knights of the Teutonic Order, who fortified it and made it one of their chief strongholds. In 1400 it was ceded to Po- land and in 1772 was annexed to Prussia. KULMBACH, koolmljUc. or CTJLMBACH. A town in the Province of Upper Franconia. Ba- varia, on the White Main. 14 miles north-north- west of Bayreuth (Map: Germany. D 3). It is famous for its beer, produced in more than twen- ty-tive breweries, and mostly exported. It also manufactures malt, thread, linen, cotton, and plush goods, cement, machinery, iron, dyes, leather, bricks, and electrical apparatus. In the vicinity, to the east, is the former fortress of Plassenburg, from 1398 to 1003 the residence of tlie margraves of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. It is used as a prison and for the archives of the Principalitv of Bavreuth. Population, in 1890, 7000; in 1900 (including Bleich l . 10,591. KULMBACH, or CULMBACH, Hans von (properly H.N-.s St'.ss) (c.l4S5-1522 l . A German painter and engraver, born at Kulmbach. in Fran- conia. He was a pupil of Diirer, and then of Jacopo de' Barbari. His masterpiece is the "Coro- nation of the Virgin." in the Church of Sankt Sebald at Xuremberg. Other works by him are treatments of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (the Uffizi, Florence) and of Saint Catharine (at Saint Mary's Church, Cracow). He also painted por- traits. Kuhnbach stands among the first of Diirer's pupils. KULTUBKAMPF, kul-toor'kampf (Ger.. cul- ture-war). The name given in CJermany to the conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the Prussian and the German Imperial govern- ments, initiated by Bismarck in 1872. and having for its chief issue the control by the State of educational and ecclesiastical appointments. The term was first use<l by Vircliow in a political manifesto. Conceiving that the Church stood in the way of his policy, the Iron Chancellor deter- mined to put an end to even what shadow of in- <lc|)endence the Church possessed. In pursuance of his policy of centralization. Bismarck attempt- ed to vindicate the authority of the State while aiming at the same time at the overthrow of the party of the Centre in the Imperial Reichstag, whose influence had come to be e.xerted in oppo- sition to his political programme. Bismarck urged that the declaration of Papal infallibility by the Vatican Council in 1870 was an arrogation of rights "dangerous to the State," and that the Church had assumed "an attitude of aggression dangerous to the laws of the State." The Roman Curia was irritated at the support given by the Government to those members of the Church who refused to accept the Vatican decrees as binding (see Old Catholics), as well as by its denial of the right of the Church to excommunicate any of its members without leave from the State. Another cause of dispute was the refusal of Pope Pius IX. to receive Cardinal Hohenlohe as German Ambas- sador, on the ground that a cardinal, as a member of the Pope's own council, cannot represent a foreign government. The ill feeling caused by these conflicting claims led the Reichstag to pass a law (1872) expelling the .Jesuits from the Em- pire. The outbreak of the Kulturkampf, how-
