KXTSKOQUIM. 635 KUTAIS. which it flows is chiefly inhabited by Indians and Eskimos. KUSSMAUL, kvis'moul, Adou- (1822-1902). A Giiiiian physician, born at Urabcn and ed- VicaU'd at Heidelberg. Tiiere lie was assistant for .some lime, and wrote the valuable work, Die J'urbt'iwrscheinungcit. im (Jruiide dcs meiisch- lichcn Auyes ;1845). In 1857 he wa.s made pro- Itssor at ileidelberj,', and afterwanls he held chairs in Erlangen (iS.5!)-G3), at Freiburg ( ISGS- TliJ, and at Strassburg (1870-88). He then re- tired lo Heidelberg, where he was profeissor emeritus until his death. Kussmaul devi.sed much apparatus for use in internal therapeutics, and in 1807 introduced the use of the stomach- pump. In the realms of physiology, ps3chiatry, loxicolog^■, and especially internal medicine, he was an able and industrious investigator. Among his more important publication.s are: Untersuch- iiitgen iiber da» Hcch'iileben des neiigcborenen Mciischen (3d ed. 1890) ; Veher den liOuslitu- lioncllcn .]ferKi(ri(iIisnnis (1801) ; Zuunxig Bricfe iibrr McusclK^npockci}- viid Kitfipoch-ciiitHiifitiig (1870); Die Htoruugen dcr Sjirache: Ycrsuch (iner I'ailuAogie der Hpruche (1877). which by many is considered his most remarkable work, and a translation of which may be found in Zieuunsen's Ci/clopa'din of I'nwtical Medicine (New York, 1887) ; and an interesting autobiog- raphv. JintenilcrinneruiigcH eiites alien Arztes (oth'rd. 1902). KtfsSNACHT, ki.is'nact. A village in tho Canton of SchwTtz, Switzerland, situated on an arm of Lake Lucerne, at the foot of the Rigi, near the spot where William Tell is said to have shot (lessler (Map: Switzerland, CI). It has a statue of Tell, and near by are the ruins of an ancient castle which tradition calls Gessler's. Population, in 1900, 3600. KUSTENDJE, ku-sten'je. A seaport of Ru- mania, situated on the Black Sea. a little over 30 miles from the mouth of the Danube (Map: I5alkaii Peninsula. G 2). It has a num- ber of churches and mosques, and is the seat of many foreign consular agents. It is a place of great commercial inii)ortance as the maritime terminal of the Rumanian railway system, and, with the complrtion of the harl)or im])rovpments. begun in l.silO. will become one of the chief commercial centres of the Kingdom. Population, in 1S99, 12,72.5. Kustendje is the Ancient Tomi, Ovid's place of exile. At Kustendje terminates Trajan's Wall, a remnant of the old Roman fortifications.' KUSTENX AND, ku'stm-liint. Coast Dis- tricts, or l.iTTORALE. A name applied to the Austrian crownlands of Tstria and Giirz and Gra- disca. and the city of Triest, with its territory (^Fap: . stria, C 4). These crownlands have tlu'ir own diets, hut there is a common superior administratii'n at Triest. represented by a (!ov- ernor and judicial and financial departments. .Area, 3084 square miles. Population, in 1900, 7r)r>.is3. KiiSTNEB, knst'ner. Kakl TiiEonoR vox (1784-1804). A German theatrical manager, horn at Leipzig, where, after having .studied law. and in G;>t1 insjen. he undertook the manatrement of the Stadttheater from 1817 to 1828. As di- rector, suhseouently. of the Coiirt Theatre in Munich (1833-42). and as intendant-general of the royal theatres in Berlin (IS42-.'>1). his artis- VOL. XI.— 11. tic qualities and superior business ability proved of great value in bringing al)out impor- tant reforms in the technical and economic con- ditions of theatrical matters. Dramatic authors are indebted to him for the initiation, conjointly v.ith Holbein, in 184.), of royalties. His Vt'cr- tinddreiisig Jahrc meiner Theateiieilung (1853) is a valuable contribution to the history of the theatre. King Louis I. of Bavaria made him a Priy Councilor and conferred nobility upon him in 1837. KtfSTKIN, kus-tren', or CtJSTRIN. A town of the Province of Brandenburg, Prussia, and a fortress of the first rank, situated at the conflu- ence of the Oder and Warthe, about 52 miles east of Berlin (ilap: Prussia, F 2). It con- sists of the main town within the fortifications, between the two rivers, and two suburbs, one on the left bank of the Oder and the othrt- on the right bank of the Warthe. both connected with the main town by several bridges. Its public buildings include a handsome town hall and the Church of .Saint Mary, with some interesting tombs. There are machine-works and manufac- tories of copper and brass ware, fine hose, malt, and ])Otato meal. Population, in 1890, 10,072; in 1900. 16.463. Frederick the Great was de- tained a prisoner here by his father. In 1806 Kiistrin was surrendered without a blow to the French, who retained it until 1814. KtTTAIA, loJo-ti'a, or KUTAHIA. A town of Asiatic Turkey, .situateil in the Vilayet of Brusa, about 70 miles southeast of the town of Brusa (Map: Turkey in Asia, C 3). It is poorly built, but has a large number of mosques and several Christian churches. The chief products are agricultural, the once extensive pottery industrj' being almost extinct. In the vicinity are ob- tained considerable quantities of meerschaum. The trade is considerably facilitated by the rail- way lines connecting Kutaia with . gora and Constantinople. Population, estimated at over 22.000. consisting of Jlohammedans. Greeks, and Armenians. Kutaia is noted for the treaty of peace coi'.cluded here between Ecrpt and Turkey on May 4. 1833. KUTAIS. kor>-tis'. A government in the north- western part of Transcaucasia. Russia, with an area of about 14,100 square miles (Map: Russia, F 6). The surface is extremely mountainous, and agricultural land is scarce. The regiim is watered chiefly by the Rion and its tributaries; it has a warm climate, the annual temperature averaging 58 degrees. Kutais is known as one of the world's sources of manganese; it has also deposits of lead. cop])er, and eoal. Corn, wine, and tobacco constitute the chief agricultural jiroducts. Stock-raising is of great importance, while manufacturing industries are practically unknown. Population, in 1897. 1.075.801. Jlost of the inhabitants belong to various trilies of the Caucasus, the Russians constituting only about I per cent, of the total. In religion the popula- tion is about 80 per cent. Greek Orthodox, and the remainder chiefly Mohammedan. Capital, Kutais (q.v.). KUTAIS. The capital of the government of the same name, in Transcaucasia. Russia, situ- ated on the Rion. 115 miles west-northwest of Tiflis. with which it is connected by rail (Map: Russia. F 6). It has two gymnasia and a semi- narv for teachers. Hats are the chief nianufac-
