KTJZigrETSK. 637 KWANG-SU. of Saratov. It produces leather, rope, and tal- low, and carries on some trade in grain. Popu- lation, in 1897, 20,555. KVICALA, kve-chii'la, Jan (1834—). A Bo- beniiau philologist and politician. He was born at Miinchengiatz in Bohemia, .studied at Prague and at Bonn, and in 185'J was made professor of classical literature at Prague. His philologi- cal writings include: Czech translations of He- rodotus and Sallust; Bcitriiye ztir Kritik und Erkldrung des Sophokles (1804-09); 'ergilstu- dien (1878) ; Studien zu Euripides (1879) ; and Xeue Bcitriigc zur Erkl<iru»g dcr .J^neis (1881). In 1881, as a member of the Bohemian Diet, he introduced the so-called Lex Kiicala, a bill pro- viding for separate schools for German and Czech children. an<l was prominent in the agitation which resulted in the division of the University of Fragile into a German and a Bohemian uni- versity. KWAKIUTL, kwa-ke-oTitl' (incorrectly. Kw.wvKEWLTii and Quacoltii I . A group or confederacy of tribes of strongly differentiated Wakashan stock (q.v. ), living in intimate asso- ciation with the closely cognate Hailtzuk on both sides of Queen Charlotte Island, at the upper end of Vancouver Island, and on the opposite shore of British Columbia. Among more than twenty sub-tribes the best known are the Kwakiutl proper, near Fort Rupert, Ximkish. Koskimo, Mamalilikulla. Tsawatienuk. and Tanaktut. They are distinguished for devotion to the custom of potlatch ( q.v. ) , which is by some believed to have originated with them, and for their peculiar social organization, according to which the whole active government is under the control of secret societies. They have the gentile or clan system, but with the descent in the male line. There are three social ranks — the hereditary chiefs, the middle estate or burgesses, and the third, ivho are chiefly slaves and their descendants. The middle class is made up of the members of tlie secret societies, and the greater the number of such societies to which a man belongs the greater is his standing and influence. The third or low- est class consists of those who are not memliers of any secret society, and who are in consequence shut out from any part in councils or other State afl'airs. The candidate for initiation must submit to severe vigil, fasting, and torture, and distribute numerous presents to each one taking part in the ceremony. The greatest of all is the hamatsa, or cannibal society, to which no one can be admitted until he has been a member of a lower society for eight years. Women may become meml)ers. and have also their own socie- ties. The dead are embalmed. Having an unlimited food-supply of fish, veni- son, seal-meat, and berries, and being comfort- ably housed after the manner of the Xorthwest coast tribes generally, and moreover regarded by all their neighbors as the guardians of the ancient priestly rites, the Kwakiutl are strongly conservative and opposed to all the methods and religion of the white man. although they are very law-abiding. Our principal knowledge concern- ing the Kwakiutl is derived from Dr. Fr.nnz Boas, in the reports of the British Association for the .Advancement of Science, and Report of the U. S. National IMuseuni (Washington, 1895). They number now about 1.300. KWANG-CHOW-FIT, kwang'chou'foo'. The native name of the Chinese city called by foreign- ers Canton (q.v.) . KWANG-SI, kwUng'se' (Chin., broad west). An inland province of Southern China, lying to the west of Kwang-tung. It is bounded on the south by a portion of Kwang-tung and the north- east part of Tongking; on the west by Yunnan, and on the north by Kwei-ehow and Hu-nan (Map: China, C 7). Its southerly parts are traversed by branches and spurs of the Xan-shan range, an offshoot of the great mountain masses of Tibet, which stretches through Kwang-tung to the coast range of Fu-kien. Toward the north and west hills and plains are found. It is watered chiclly by the Si-kiang, or 'West River.' which has numerous tributaries, some of them of consid- erable length. This river rises in Yun-nan, and after a course of 1000 miles, debouches into the China Sea below Canton. The geologj' of Kwang- si is not known, but its mineral wealth is said to be considerable. Besides grain it produces for ex- port cassia, cassia-oil, and medicines. Its great- est trading centre is Wu-chow, on the Si-kiang, near the border of Kwang-tung. and 200 miles above Canton. This is an open port, and has a Chinese Imperial maritime cu.stoms station. An- other open port is Lung-chow, on the Tongking frontier. The capital is Kwei-lin-fu (q.v.). Area, 78,250 square miles; population, 5.250.000, in- cluding many Hakkas (q.v.). but exclusive of many members of aboriginal tribes called Miao- tse, who still maintain their independence in the mountains. A number of these iliao-tse are partly civilized and live in communities by them- selves under Government supervision. The first outbreak of the Taiping rebels occurred in this province. Kwang-si shares with Kwang-tung the supervision of a (Jovernor-General, who resides at Canton. KWANG-StJ, kwang'soo'. or KUANG-HStJ. The reign title of Tsai T'ien, the present Em- peror of China. He is the son of Ch'un I-hwan (commonly known as "Prince Ch'un') . the seTnth son of the Emperor who reigned as Taokwang and who died in 1850. Kwang-sif was born in 1872. ascended the throne in 1875. married in 1889, and in the same year assumed the govern- ment of the Empire. The troubles of his reign began early. In 1876 China had to pay a large indemnity and make many concessions to Great Britain because of the murder of a British con- sular oflicer on the borders of Burma in the pre- ceding year. In 1884 difficulties with France arose over a dispute about Tongking; Formosa was blockaded ; the forts at Fuchow and a num- ber of Chinese war- vessels anchored there were destroyed. In 1894-05 occurred the disa.strous war with .Japan, resulting in the loss of Formosa. This was followed by the seizure of Kiao-chau by Germany (1897). the occupation of Port Ar- thur by Russia (1898), and the conditional ces- sion to Great Britain of Wei-hai-wei. In 1898, acting on the advice of a number of young schol- ars whom he had summoned to his side, the Emperor proclaimed a large number of reforms, but so numerous and so sweeping were they that the Empress Dowager Iwcame alarmed, deposed the Emperor, revoked his edicts, and condemned the young reformers to death. Six of them were beheaded, but many escaped. Then began the 'Boxer' movement, which resulted, in 1900. in the murder of many missionaries, the destruc-
