ITO. 5 (q.v.) roiiiul the world in 1872, in an efTort to obtain from tlio Powers some moililioation of the IrcMtics. In the Imperial Cabinet as Minister of I'ublic Works, lie was primarily ellicient in liav- ini; tile railway from Yokobania to Tokio built and linislied in 1S72. On the death of OUuba, in 1S7S. he was transferred to the Home Olliee. He again visited Kurope in 1878-70, after which he was called, from his admiration of thing Cerman. the .lajjanese Bismarck. In 1880 tlio Cabinet was reconstructed aecordinj; to modern ideas. Ito became Minister President of State, and carried out radical economic reforms in every department. For many years he superintended the reconstruction of law and the formation of codes no longer based on Chinese models, but in harmony with those in Christendom. He per- suaded tlie Court to adopt foreign dress. Several years of amazing change and ]u'ogress followed, until tlio conservatives called a halt in 1888 and Ito retire<l to pr(>pare the long-promised written Constitution. Having studied the constitutions of Western countries, he engaged in tlie debates in the Privy Council, lasting over four months, and on February 11, 1889 (the anniversary of Jimmu Tenno), this magnificent instrument, more liberal in its pra'isions than some Euro- pean governments allow, was promulgated. Ito is well called 'The Father of the Constitution,' and his volume of ('ommentnrir.i. in illustration and defense of .Japan's fundamental law, are worth}' to rank with The Federalist. Again called to the Premiership in 1892, he carried the nation through the Chino-Japanese War of 1894- 05, and on resigning in favor of the Yamagata regime in 180G, traveled in Europe. He was again summoned by the Emperor to the Premiership, and under his direction Japan joined the Allies in the rescue of the legations in Peking. 10,000 men fully equipped serving under the sun-banner. He visited the United States on his way to Europe in 1001. received the degree of LL.li. from Yale University, and was everywhere welcomed and recognized as one of the profoundest constructive statesmen of modern times. Consiilt his Co»'- mentnries on the f'onKtiliilirm of the Empire of Japan, translated by Ito IMiyoji (Tokio, 1889). ITRI, e'tre. A town in the Province of Ca- serta, Italy. 00 miles southeast of Rome, and five miles from the nearest railway station at Formia (Map: Italy, H 0). It lias a ruined castle and bouses built from the masonry of the ancient Via Appia. It was the home of Era Diavolo, whose history is echoed in Auber's opera and in Washington Irving's The Inn of Terracina. I'opulation (commune), in 1901, 5077. I-TSING (A.n. 0.3.V7I3). One of the three great Chinese Buddhist travelers in India. The names of the other two were Fa-Hien and Hiuen Thsang (see article Hwei-Sang). I-Tsing was bom in the year 635 at Fan-Yang, near Peking, and he became a devoted follower of the Buddhist religion. In 671 he went on a pilgrimage to India, in order to journey through the holy land of Buddhism, and he spent nearly twenty-five years visiting scenes connected with Buddha's life, at the same time collecting texts and mate- rial relating to the faith. He returned to China in 095. and devoted the remainder of his life to translating, in more than one hundred vol- umes, the treatises and books which he had gath- S ITURBIDE. ered. In this way he became the founder of a .school for the study of Buddhist literature in China. His work is of special importance also as a record and description of India and the Malay Archipelagf) at the time when he lived. His death occurred in 713. His account of India has been translated by J. Takakusu. A Rreord of the Huildhint It'elifiion an I'raelieid in India and the Malay Archipelago (Oxford, 1890). ITT3', S-too'. A town in the State of S5o Paulo, Brazil, situated in a fertile region on the Tiet6 lUver (Map: Brazil, H 8). It has a Franciscan monastery, a hospital, iron and bronze foundries, cotton manufactures, and :i trade in cofTee; it is one of the most important industrial centres of Brazil. Population, 10,000. ITXJBBIDE, e't(«7r-Be'Da, AorsTiN de (1783- 1824). Emperor of Mexico. He was the son of a nobleman of Navarre, who emigrated to New Spain shortly before the birth of bis son, who
- is born at Valladolid (now Morelia), Septem-
ber 27, 1783. Don Agustin entered the army in 1798, and during the insurrection of 1810 fought for the Spanish cause. He was advanced to the position of commander-in-chief of the provinces of Cuanajuato and Michoacan in 1810, but this post was soon taken away from liim. From 1810 to 1810 Iturbide was out of the military service. When the Constitution of 18-0 was proclaimed, he obtained command of the Spanish Army of the South and began a series of intrigues with the revolutionary leaders, which culminated in his ])roclamation of February 24, 1821, the so-called 'Plan of Iguala,' wherein eom- ]ilete independence of Spain under a prince of the royal family was otTered to the people. This plan rapidly gained adlierent.s. From a small force of some 2500 men, with which he had left Jlexico in November. 1820, his army had in- creased, by the spring of 1821, lo 6000. He gained possession of Vera Cruz and Puebia, and on September 21st entered the City of Mexico at the head of 10,000 men. The Viceroy signed a treaty with the insurgents, providing for the adoption of the Plan of Iguala, and stijmlating, in addition, tluit in case of the refusal of the princes of the royal family to occupy such a position, the Mexicans should choose an emperop i'or themselves. A regency was formed, with Iturbide at its head, and he was at the same time appointx'd commander-in-chief of the army. A national congress was convened at Mexico. The new Government avoided harsh measures, and succeeded in establishing peace, but dissen- sions broke out in the regency, the troops became clamorous for p:i.v, and the congress refused to meet their wishes. Iturbide turned to the nidiuirchical jiarty, and was by them proclaimed Emperor on IMav 18, 1822. He was crowned, with the title of Agustin I., July 21, 1822. Harsh measures of repression led to o])en rebel- lion. On December 2, 1S22, Santa Anna, colonel of a regiment stationed at Vera Cruz, declared for a republic, and his example was f(dlowed by Guer- rero and Bravo in the south. Iturbide saw him- self deserted by ttiose in whom he had placed most Cdnfidencc. and sought to make his peace with the country by summoning the congress which he had shortly before dissolved. His influence, however, had disappeared, and in March, 1823, Iturbide offered his abdication to the congress. He re- ceived a pension of $25,000 and was ordered to
