LAKE DWELLINGS. 705 LAKES. trade. At the same time their wealth invited the attacks of hungry and jealous neighbors, and made t'riem warlike and aggressive. All of the.se combined gave them .solidarity in purpose and action. Many of the most artistic of the relics found are weapons and shields. There is little to show their .social organization, but it cannot have been greatly difTerent from that revealed by the early historians of Germany. Con.sult: Keller, The Lal:e Du'^UingS' of Swit- zerland and Other ['arts of Europe (London, 187S) ; Anrirnt Srotti^sh Ijfikf DtrtUings or Vran- noffs (Edinburgli. 1882); Jlunro, The Lake DiceUings of Europe (London, 18P0). LAKE FOREST. A city in Lake County, 111., 28 miles north-northwest of Chicago; on Lake Jliehigan. and on the Chicago and Northwestern Eailroad (Map: Illinois. El). It is entirely a residential town, and a place of unusual beauty; is the seat of Lake Forest L'niversity (q.v.), and has a public librarv, an academy, and a seminary for girls. Lake Forest was settled and incor- porated in 18.50. Population, in 1890, 1203; in 1900. 221;5. LAKE FOREST COLLEGE. A cwduca- tional institution of higher learning at Lake Forest. 111. It was chartered in 1857 as Lind L'niversity. the name being changed to Lake For- est University in 180.5. L'nder this charter a preparatory school for boys, now known as Lake Forest School, was opened in 1858; a similar school for girls (Ferry Hall) was opened in 1869, and this was followed by the establish- ment of Lake Forest College in" 1876. In 1902 the trustees abandoned the university idea, sev- ered the connection between the college and the Chicago-Kent College of Law and tlie Chicago College of Dental Surgery, and for the future confined their attention to the college and the two preparatory schools. The name Lake Forest L^niversity was retained for legal reasons. The total enrollment for 1902-03 was as follows: Col- lege — faculty, 20; students, 96; boys' school — - teachers. 10; students, 72; Ferry Hall — teachers, 19; students. 112. The college campus. 50 acres, with 15 buildings, is valued at $625,000; income- bearing endowment, .'{5G70.000 ; boys' school. 15 acres, with 4 buildings, valued at .$230,000; Ferry Hall, 13 acres, with 3 buildings, valued at $210^ 000. The libraries of the three departments con- tain 21.000 volumes. LAKE GENE'VA. See Gexcta, L.ke. LAKE GENEVA. A city in Walworth Coun- ty. Wis.. 71 miles northwest of Chicago, 111.; on tile Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. It is a popular summer re.'-ort, having an attractive sit- uation on Lake Geneva, a fine body of water, nine miles long, and ranging from one and one-half to three in width, and fed entirely by springs. Among the features of the city are the Oakwood Sanitarium and the Yerkes Obser%-atory of the l'niversity of Chicago. (For illustration, see article Om-servatory.) Lake Geneva, incorpo- rated in 1893. is governed by a mayor, elected annually, and a council of which the executive is a member. Population, in 1890, 2297 ; in 1900. 2.585. LAKE HERRING, IMooxeye, or Whiting. Names applied to the cisco and other whitefish (q.v.). LAKE HTTRON. See Great Lakes. LAKE INDIANS, or Senijextee. A Sali- shan tribe, formerly holding both banks of the Columbia about the entrance of Kettle River, Wash., and extending across the line to the border of the Kutenai (q.v.). They were brought under the induence of the Jesuit missionaries, and are now completely civilized and self-sup- porting, but, like many other reservation tribes, steadily decreasing. They number now aboit 300 on the Colville Reservation, northern Wash- ington. LAKE LAHONTAN. An e.xtinct lake which with Lake Bonneville (q.v.) occupied in the (JIacial period a part of the Great Basin region. Lake Lahontan was situated in western Nevada, and its depressions are now tilled by small salt lakes. The shore - lines indicate an extreme irregularity of outline, which conformed to the mountainous topography of the region. Consult Russell, "Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary Lake of Northwestern Nevada." v. S. Geological Survey Monograph o. 11 (Washington, 1885). LAKE LAWYER. A fish, the burbot (q.v.). LAKE OF THE WOODS. A body of water famous in the hi-torv of the international boun- dary between the United States and the Hudson's Bay CVmipany's territories. It is so named from the fact of its being studded with wooded islands and surrounded by hill forests. It lies in the west of Ontario, Canada, and on the northern border of Minnesota. United States, 190 miles west -northwest of Lake Superior (Map; On- tario. K 8) . According to the treaty which closed the War of Independence, it was divided between Great Britain and the L'nited States by a central line running north-northwest from the mouth of the Rainy River. At its soiitheast end it receives the Rainy River from the Rainy Lake; and at its northwestern extremity it sends forth the Win- nijjeg on its course to Hudson Bay. It is 65 miles long, from 10 to 50 miles wide, and measures about 300 miles round. Mining for free-milling gold is extensively carried on in its neighborhood, while the lumber industrv- is of great importance. Summer excursion steamers ply on its waters, and there is a steam ferry service between the towns of Rat Portage, Norman, and Keewatin on its shores. LAKES (Fr. laque, from Pers. lak, lak, lac, from Skt. lak^S. lac-insect, from Inkm, hundred thousand, so called in reference to the numbers of the insects). Insoluble colored compounds of metallic bases with dyestuffs. They may be tbtained either by direct combination of m.ctallic hydroxides with coloring matters, or by the addi- tion of metallic salts to alkaline solutions of the coloring matters, the alkali of the latter then de- composing the salts, with formation of the cor- responding metallic hydroxides. In dveing. these hydroxides are termed 'mordants.' The more common basic mordants include the hydroxides of aluminum, tin, and iron. According to Pliny ^'nd other early writers, pigments were fre- quently collected from the waste dye liquors of Brazil-wood, kermes. etc., which they designated as laceiT. The color of lakes often depends both upon the nature of the hydroxide and that of the dyestufT employed. Carmine lake, which is pre- pared by precipitating the coloring matter of cochineal, as by adding sodium carbonate to a
