LAMMEB.GEIER. 723 LAMOE.ICIERE. been known to attack sheep, goats, and even children. Jn North Africa Uind tortoises form an important article of its diet, and it is report- ed to hrcak open their shells by carrying the turtles high in the air and letting them fall upon rocks. Marrow-bones are broken open in the same way. The stories of lammergeicrs forcing chamois over precipices, and similar tales indica- tive of great sagacity and courage, appear to be exaggerated. The fully plumagcd bird is handsomely clothed, the back, wings, and tail being brownish black, the lower parts tawny, and the head white,, with black marks on the sides and tufts of black feathers at the mouth- angles. The lammergeier ranges from the moun- tains of Spain and North Africa eastw'ard through the Alps and mountains of Greece into Asia, as far as Northern China. It is now rare in most parts of Kuropp. and is destroyed when- ever an opportunity ofl'ers. It is a bird of majes- tio flight, but has not the royal dignity of some of the. eagles. The nest is made of sticks, in a crevice or on a shelf of a clifT. and usually only one egg is laid. This is dull yellow, clouded with rusty brown. See Plate of Vultures. LAMMERMTTIR ( lum'mer-mxxir') HILLS. A range of low hills in Scotland, on the boundary between Ibuldington and Berwick shires, ter- minating in a precipitous coast on the North Sea (Map: Scotland, F 4). LAMMLE, Alfred. In Dickens's Our Mu- iiKil /•'liiiul, a scheming character, flashy in ap- pearance and manners, and fertile ir; plans for making money. He marries Miss Snphronia Akershani, each mistakenly believing that the other has money, and they live a life of domestic infeliily. though (uitwardly alfectionate and amiable. LAM'NID.a; (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. J'imiHi, hnniiia, thin plate! . A family of sharks, represented by two well-defined groups, viz. Lamnir or porbeagles, having lanceolate teeth, sigmoidally curved and not serrated, and Car- charodontes, having triangular serrated teeth. See Porbeagle; Man-Eater Shark. LAMON, la-mon'. A bay of the Pacific Ocean on the east coast of the island of Liizon. Philip- pines. It reduces Luzon to the narrow isthmus which here separates the southeastern peninsula from the main part of the island. Its length between Point Saley and Point Dapdap is 20 miles, and its depth 20 miles. ISetween these points lie the large island of Alabat and the smaller Calbalete, forming tw^o channels which lead into a larg? and well-protected harbor, hitherto but little used. On the northwestern shore of the bay are the two anehoringgroiuids of Port T.ampi'in and MaubSn, which are ports of call for steamers, LAMONT, la-mont', Dantel Scott (18,51 — ). An'.merican politician and Cabinet officer, born at Cortl indville, N. Y. He was educated at X'nion College, but left before graduation to en- gage in newspaper work in Albany. Tiiere he became well known as a political correspondent, held several legislative clerkships, and in 1883 became private secretary to Grover Cleveland, then Governor of New York. When Cleveland became President in 1SS.5, I.amont accompanied biin, in the same capacity, to Washington, where he remained until Harrison's inauguration. From 1880 to 1893 he engaged in various busi- ness enterprises in New York City, and in the latter year became Secretary of War in President Cleveland's second Cabinet. In 18!t7 he became vice-president of the Northern Pacific Railway. LAMONT, la-niunt'. .Toiia.-n von (180.5-79). A Gennan astronomer and phj'sicist. He was born at Brjiemar, in Aberdeenshire, of an old Scotch family; studied at Ratisbon, and in 1828 became assistant in the observatory at Bogen- hausen, near Munich. In 1833 he was made director of the same observatory, and in 18.52 he became professor of astronomy in the Univer- sity of ilunieh. His greatest work in astronomy was his minute observations of about 34,000 lesser stars, published in the Annalen der Stern- u-arte in Munchen. But he did inore effective ser- vice in the study of terrestrial magnetism; he discovered the decennial period (18.50) and the earth current (1862); made Bogenbausen a centre of meteorological research, and wrote: llandhiich des Erdiniif/nrlisiiiiifi (1849); Afitro- nomie nnd ErdmiifiiietisiiiUfi (18.51) ; and Hand- htich des iIag7Wti.iinus (1807). He made mag- netic surveys of Bavaria (lSi52). of France and Spain (18.50), and of North Germany and Den- mark (18.58). ^ LAMORICIERE, la'nio're'syar', CiiRrsTOPiiE I.I^:ox Loris .Iicuault de (1806-65). A French general, born at Nantes. He studied at the Kcole Polytechnique. and went to Algeria as a lieutenant of engineers in 1830. In 1833 he be- came chief of ■ a liattalion of zouaves^ and in 1837 colonel. He particularly distinguished himself at the siege of Constantine. From 1841 to 1843 be was engaged in active warfare against the native tribes, defeating Alid-el-Kadcr in a sanguinary battle near Mascara (1842). In 1844 he took part in the battle of Isly, and was made in 1845 interim Governor of Algeria. To him belongs the glory of concluding the war in Africa, by forcing Abd-el-Kader to surrender in 1847. lie had been elected to the Chamber of Deputies from the Department of the Sartlie the previous year, and was reelected after his return from Algeria. In the Thiers Ministry, which Louis l'bili])pe called to otfice on Februarj- 24, 1848, in a vain endeavor to avert his impending downfall, Lamorici&re was made Minister of War. I'pon the abdication of the King he sought to proclaim the Duchess of Orleans as Regent : but was caught in the fire of the barricades and narrowly escaped with' bis life when the Pvcvolu- tion broke out. He conunanded the attack on the barricade-i during the .Tune insurrection, and cpicUcil the tumults of the Socialists. He was Minister of War during the Government of Gen- eral (avaignac, and in 1849 was .sent by Odilon Barrot on an important diplomatic missi(m to Russia. He attached himself to the Republican Party in the IjCgislative Chandler after his re- turn, being a very decided opponent of the schemes of Louis Napoleon. He was arrested on tlie occasion of the couj) d'etat of December 2. 1S.51, and was at first imprisoned in Ham and afterwards exiled, not being allowed to return until 1857. During his exile, which he spent in Germany, Belgium, and England, he became ,a devout Catholic, and in 1860 was appointed by Pills IX. commander of the Papal troops. He organized an army of yoinig Catholic devotee.? for the purpose of defending the Holy See from the h;iteful progress of 'revolution,' and. indi- rectly, to restore the temporal power to the Pope.
