LANCASTER. 728 LANCASTER. situated among the White Mountains, and has a public library. It is also the commercial centre lor the neighboring White Mountain resorts, and manufactures lumber, woodwork, machinery, belt-hooks, drugs, etc. There are municipal waterworks. Population, in 1890, 3373; in 1900, 3190. LANCASTER. A village in Erie County, X. Y., 10 miles east of Buffalo; on the Lacka- wanna, the Erie, the New York Central, and the Lehigh Valley railroads (ilap: New Y'ork, B 3). It is of considerable im|)ortance as a manufac- turing centre, having iron and brass foundries and machine-shops, malleable-iron works, knife- works, glass-works, flouring-niills, brick-yards, and other industries. The new high school building, which cost $40,000. is a fine structure. Lancaster owns its water-works. Population, in 1890, 1092; in 1900, 3750. LANCASTER. A city and the county-seat of Fairfield County. Ohio, 30 miles southeast of Columbus; on the Hocking River and the Hock- ing Canal, and on the Cincinnati and iluskingum Valley and the Columbus. Hocking Valley and Toledo railroads (Map: Ohio, E 6). It has {he State industrial school for boys, and a fine court- house and city hall. The city is in a rich agri- cultural section and in the natural gas belt; its manufactures include agricultural implements, foundry products, flour, shoes, and glass. The facilities for shipping by rail and water have made Lancaster an important trade and produce centre. The government is administered under a charter of 1887. revised in IflOl, by a mayor elected biennially, a unicameral council, and subordinate administrative boards, all chosen by popular election. There are municipal water- works and gas plant. Settled in 1800. Lancaster was first incorporated in 1831. It was the birthplace of Gen. W. T. Sherman and Senator Sherman. Population, in 1890, 7555; in 1900, 8991. LANCASTER. A city and the county-seat of Lancaster County, Pa.. 68 miles west of Phila- delphia ; on the Conestoga River, and on the Reading and Columbia, the Philadelphia and Reading, and the Pennsylvania railroads (Map: Pennsylvania. E 3). It is the seat of Franklin and Marshall College (q.v.), with the Theologi- cal Seminary of the Reformed Church in the United States, and has the Lancaster General Hospital. Saint Joseph's Hospital, the Children's and Stevens's homes, the ifechanios' and several other libraries. The First Pennsylvania State Xormal School is at Millersville. near Lancaster. Among other features are Long Park, the Sol- diers' Monument, and Witmer's stone bridge. The city, situated in a fertile farming and to- bacco-growing region, is the centre of a large trade in tobacco and produce, and has numerous tobacco warehouses, cisar and cigarette factories, cotton-mills, cork-works, caramel factories, iron- works, and nianut'aclories of brick machines, emery wheels, umbrellas, carriages and watches. The government is administered by a mayor elected every two years, and a bicameral council which controls elections to most of the subordi- nate ofTices; the executive's power of appoint- ment, which in these cases is subject to the con- sent of the council, extending only to police of- ficers, police turnkey, and city-hall janitor. The city spends annually, in maintenance and opera- tion, about $235,000, the main items of expense l;eing $77,000 lor schools, $20,000 for municipal lighting, $25,000 for the water-works, $17,000 for the police department, and $10,000 for the fire department. Population, in 1890, 32,011; in 1900, 41.459. Settled about 1718, and at first called Hickory Town, Lancaster received its present name in 1729, was chartered as a borough in 1742, and became a city in 1818. In December, 1703, the 'Paxton Boys' massacred a band of neutral In- dians here. While Philadelphia was occupied by the English in 1777, Congress sat in Lancaster for a few days; and in 1784 a band of soldiers marched to Philadelphia from here to force Con- gress to provide for paying the Continental army, in consequence of which mutiny Congress adjourned to Princeton. Lancaster was the capi- tal of the State from 1799 to 1812. It was the birthplace of General John Fulton Reynolds (q.v.), in whose honor a monument has been erected. Consult Mombert, .In Authentic History of Lancaster County (Lancaster, Pa., 1809) . and Pennsi/hania Historical Collections, vol. i. (Phil- adelphia, 18.53). LANCASTER. A town and the county-seat of Lancaster County. S. C, 84 miles north of Columbia ; on the Southern and other railroads (ilap: South Carolina, D 2). It is the centre of a fertile district, growing cotton, tobacco, and grain, and has extensive cotton-mills. Popula- tion, in 1800, 1094; in 1900, 1477. LANCASTER, PrciiY of. An English duchy and county palatine (see Palatine), created by royal charter. Edward III., on the death of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, conferred the duchy on John of Gaunt and his heirs forever. During the 'ars of the Roses, Henry VI. and Edward IV. both endeavored so to settle the duchy that it should descend to the heirs of their body apart from the crown, and continue with them in the event of their losing the latter. The result of these attempts has been the preservation of the duchy as a separate possession in order and gov- ernment, but united in point of inheritance, the monarch being possessor not as King of England, but as Duke of Lancaster. The duchy is almost co-equivalent with Lancashire. The net revenues which from £29.000 ($145,000) in 1847 had increased to £94,740 ($473,700) in 1899. are paid over to the privy purse. They are wholly ex- empted from Parliamentary control, except that the annual account for receipt and expenditure is presented. The county palatine forms only a portion of the duchy, which includes consider- able estates not within the county palatine. There is a chancellor of the duchy (i.e. of the part of it which does not lie within the county), and of the county palatine, which two offices are generally united. The Duchy Court of Lancaster, held at Westminster, and presided over by the Chancellor, or his deputy, exerci.ses jurisdiction in all matters of equity relating to the lands of the duchy. The administration of justice has been assimilated to that of the rest of England since 1873. The office of Chancellor is a political appointment, which is usually conferred on a statesman of eminence, frequently a member of the Cabinet, who is expected to devote his time to .such larger questions occupying the attention of Government as do not fall within other de- partments. The stipend is £2000 (nearly $10,000) per annum.
