LAND-CBAB. 733 LANDES. (iry and somewhat sandy fields near or at some distance from the shore. It readies a large size, tlie body being tour or live inches across, and the hps very long. The color is dull giayish-white. During its migration to the ocean this crab is a f:reat nuisance in some localities from its habit of going over, under, or through the houses, but not around them. The negroes eat these crabs, hut they are not relished by the whites. -A land-orab of Ceylon (Ocypoda) is so trouble- some on account of the burrows which it makes in the dry soil of the equestrian promenade at Colombo, that men are kept in regiilar employ- ment to fill them up. The grass-lands of some parts of India swarni with small land-crabs, which feed on the grass or on green stalks of rice. The hermit-crab (q.v. ) also occasionally adopts a terrestrial life; a common West Indian species (Veiiohita diogenes) occurs at Key West, far from water, living under stones in the shells of land-snails. See Cocoanut Crab. LANDELLE, laN'del', Charles (1821—). A French |i;iiiit(r. born at Laval, JIayenne. He studied witb P. Delaroche and Ary Schefler, and made his first appearance in the Salon of 1S41 v.'ith a "Portrait de I'auteur." His subjects were chiefiv religious, such as "Fra Angelico de Fie- sole"' (1842) ; "L'glegie", "La charity" (1844) ; and " La vierge et les saintes femmes au tom- beau" (1845); until extended sojourns in the East bore fruit in genre pictures — "Les petits bohSmiens" and "Jeune egyptienne" ( 1846-47 ) ; "La juive de Tanger" (1857); "Femme mo- rcsriuc" (1808): "L'almee" (1872); ".Jeune Fel- lahine du Caire" (1881) ; "La saison des oranges il Alger" (1886): "Bou-Saada" (1888): and "Femmes de Tlemcen et Ruth" (1893). Besides allegorical pictures for his native citj', he painted [iortraits of Admiral Baudin, Mile. Fix, Alfred de Musset, and others, and executed decorative work for the Salon of Aides-de-camp in the Elysfie Palace, while some of his roligiois can- vases are to be seen in the churches of Saint Sulpice, Saint Xicolas des Champs, and Saint Roch. LAN'DER, Frederick William (1821-62). An American soldier, born in Salem, JIass. He was educated at the Norwich ililitary Academy in Vermont, and took up the profession of civil engineering. The United States Government em- ployed him on transcontinental surveys to select a route for a Pacific railroad. Later he under- took a survey for the same purpose at his own expense, and was the only man of the party to survive. He constructed the overland wagon- route in the face of great difficulties and con- stant hostility of the Indians. During the early part of the Civil War he served with distinction on secret missions, and on the statf of General McClellan, until his sudden death from conges- tion of the brain. He was engaged in the cap- lure of Philippi, the Battle of Rich Mountain, and many minor skirmishes. LANDER, Louisa (1826—). An American sculptor. She was born at Salem, Mass., Septem- ber 1, 1826. She showed her talent at a very early age. and in 1855 was sent to Rome to study. Here, while indcr the direction of Craw- ford, she modeled her "To-Day," a marble figure, symbolical of America, and "Galatea." Aniong her other works are the st:ituette and a life-size figure of Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America; "L'ndine;" a reclining statue of "Evangeline;" "Elizabeth, the Exile of Siberia;" "Ceres Mourning for Proserpine;" "A Sylph Alighting;" "Captive Pioneers," a large group of life-size figures; and numerous portrait bu.sts. LANDER, Richard Lemon (1804-34). An English African explorer, born at Truro, Corn- wall, where his father was a publican. After service witb London families, during which he visited the West Indies and the Continent, he accompanied Major Colebrooke as servant to Gape Colony in 1823, and traveled with him across the colony. A taste for exploration led him to secure service with Capt. Hugh Clajipcr- ton, whom he attended on his second and last expedition to the interior of Western Africa in 1825. After Clapperton's death in 1827 at Chungary, Lander with great difficulty reached the coast and returned to England in 1828. The ■Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the Coast was printed with Clapperton's Journal (1829). In the following year Lander pub- lished Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa, and the Subsequent Adventures of the Author (2 vols., 1830). These works exhibited qualifications that induced the British Ministry to give him connnand of an ex- pedition to explore the course and termination of the Niger. He and his younger brother. John Lander, left England in .January, 1830, and after exciting adventures, before December of the same >ear had descended the Niger frcmi Boussa, and had determined the confluence of the Benue, or Chadda, with the Niger, and the outlet of the latter river by several deltaic mouths into the Bight of Benin. For this service Lander received the first gold medal bestowed by the Royal Geo- graphical Society of London. The brothers' jour- nals were purchased by JIurray. the publisher, and edited by Lieut. Alexander Bridport Beecher and appeared as Journal of an Expedition to Ex- phire the Course and Termination of the Xiger (3 vols., 1832) ; the work was translated into several European languages. While in eonmiand of an expedition organized by a company of Liverpool merchants to open up commerce in the African interior (1832-34). Lander was shot in an affray with natives at Ingiamma on the Niger, and died shortly afterwards from the efTects of bis wound at Fernando Po. Consult Laird and Oldlield, Xarrative of an Expedition into the Interior of Africa in Steamers, 1SS2-3J§ (London, 1835). LANDES, liiNd (Fr., heaths). Extensive tracts of land in the southwest of France, ex- tending along the Bay of Biscay for a distance of about 130 miles and covering an area of more than 5000 square miles. The surface in general is flat and sandy marshland, over which the peasants travel in some parts mainly on stilts. There are. howeer. numerous dunes along the coast, some of them reaching a height of 250 feet. Attempts to reclaim this vast region began at the end of the eighteenth century, and now a considerable part of it is covered with pine forests. The climate has also been improved by the digging of canals for the outlet of the stagnant water. The inhabitants are engaged chiefly in forestry and cattle-raising. LANDES. A maritime department of South- western France, one of the largest hut most thinly peopled in the country, bounded on the west by the Bay of Biscay. Area, 3615 square
