LAlfG. 750 LANGDELuL. he entered the University of Altdorf . Three years later at Oettini;en he lield various local oUicus (till 1789), and wrote Beitrage zur Kenutniss tier Verfassung dcs oltingischcn 'aterlunds (1786). Hardenberg sent him to the Congress at Rastatt as secretarj- of legation in 1797. In 1799 he became Councilor of War and of Do- mains, and in ISll was appointed Director of the Government Arcliives at ilunich. His historical works, which are popular rather than scientific, include: Uinluiisrhe Enliviclichiity ilcr dcutaclien Steuerverfassiinii (1793); Annrilni drx Fiirslcn- tuins Arisbach iiiiter der preussischcn [{vgiernnij (1806)'; and (lexchichte der Jcsnitcii in Bayern (1819). His other works, Hammclburger Ueisen in elf l'ihrten (last ed. 1822), and Birmnnisclics Strafgesctzbiieh (1822-25). are marked by a sar- ca.stic humor, which enters largely even into his Memoiren (1842; lasted. 1881). LANG, Louis (1814-93). A German-Ameri- can painter, born at Waldsee, Wiirttemberg. Al- ready a pastel portraitist of some reputation, he went to Paris in 1834. and afterwards studied at Stuttgart. In 1838 he came to America, and in 1852 was made an Academician. His works in- clude: "Asleep in Prayer" (18(39), "Landing of the Market Boat at Capri," "Mary, Queen of Scots," and "Cinderella." LANG, Marg.ret Rctiiven (1807—). An American composer, born in Boston. Slie studied the piano with her father, B. .T. Lang; the violin with Schmidt in Boston. Drcchsler and Abel in !Munich : composition with Gluth ; and orchestra- tion with Cliadwick. She wrote a number of de- lightful songs, instrumental pieces, and several overtures, of which !ier Dramatic Orcrliire was given by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and Wilicliis by the Chicago Orchestra. LANGAHA, lan-ga'ha (Malagasy name). A brown tree-snake (Drifnphis laiigalio) of Mada- gascar, about three feet long, having a prolonged, scaly snout, often flattened into a leaf-like organ half an incli in length. That it uses this purely as a tactile organ seems doubtful, as it is simply a tree-snake, with no hindrance to the ordinary use of the tongue. Some related snakes, lik<' frigops (see Tree-SnaivE) , have similar fleshy tips; and one. Herpeton (q.v.), has two distinct tentacles ; but this species is aquatic, and such tentacles would usefully serve the purpose of the tongue, not easily protrusible in the water. Stej- neger believes that these appendages serve mainly to increase the opening of the mouth, and thus assist the snakes in capturing prey, as do the bristles about the mouth of fly-catching birds. LANGBAINE, lang'ban, Gerard (1650-92). All English bibliographer and critic, born in Ox- ford. He was the son of Gerard Langbaine, pro- vost of Queens College, Oxford, and came to be known as Langbaine the younger, to distinguish him from his father. He was educated at Uni- versity College. Oxford, but was noted for sport- ing rather than academic proclivities, and did not graduate. He married young, and later, with but a remnant of his patrimony, devoted himself to the study of dramatic literature and the collec- tion of English plays. According to his state- ment, he had cathered 9S0 stage works of various kinds, when, in November. 1687, a limited edition of ^fnmus Triumphniis. or the Plagiaries of the English Stage Exposed in a Catalogue of Com- edies, Tragedies, etc.. which is supposed to have been the work of Dryden, forestalled A New Cat- alogue of English I'lays, which Langbaine pub- lished a month later, and in which Dryden's works are acutely criticised. Langbaine's work had a wide circulation, and, with numerous amendments and additions, resolved itself into An Account of the English Dramatic Poets, or Home Obsei-rntions and Remarks on the Lives and Writings of All Those that Have Published Either Comedies, Tragedies^, Tragicomedies, Pas- torals, Mosques, Interludes, Farces, or Operas in the English Tongue (1U91). LANGBEIN, lang'bin, August Fkiedricii KiiN.sr (1757-1835). A German humorous poet and novelist, born at Radeberg, near Dresden. He studied law at Leipzig, practiced it afterwards in Dresden, and from 1800 on lived in Berlin, de- voted entirely to literary pursuits. In 1820 he was appointed censor of belletristic literature. Extremely proficient in metrical composition, and commanding an inexhaustilile fund of drollery, he cultivated with especial success the comical poetic tale, frequently inclining toward frivolity, iuit teeming with fun. The widespread popu- larity of his Schn-iinke (1792. 21st ed. 1888) was almost equaled by that of his merry tales in prose, such as Thomas KcUeruurm (1806), Magistrr Zimpels Brautfahrl, and others, distin- guished for inventive faculty and pleasing dic- tion. He published himself the original edition of his ftiimnitliche ^ichriftcn (1835-37) ; his /7m- inoristisclie Oedichte were edited by Tittmann (Halle, 1872), and Hnmoristische Erzahlnngrn appeared in Leipzig. 1891. Consult .Jess. Lang- bein and seine fers^rziihltingen (Berlin, 1902). LANG'DALE, Sir Mar.maduke (c.1598-1661 ). An iMiglisb sohlier. born in Yorkshire of .a Roman Catholic family. Though an opponent of the ship-money tax (1639). he stood valiantly for King Charles when the civil war broke out, and raised an infantry regiment to fight for him (1643). He became famous as a cavalry leader, defeated the Scottish horse at Corbridge, North- umberland, won a victory at Melton Mowbray, and raised the siege of Pontefract (1645). He met, however, with disaster at Naseby; his band of 1501) horsemen was scattered bj- successive de- feats before he couhl join Montrose in Scotland. and Laiigdale had to flee to the Isle of Man, and thence to France. Three years afterwards he re- turned to fight for the Stuarts, and surprised Berwick, but was once more defeated by Crom- well at Preston and this time taken prisoner. He escaped from Nottingham Castle to the Continent, where he was a soldier of fortune until the Restoration, when he was made Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire (1660). LANG'DELL, Ciiri.stopiier Columbd.s (1826 — ). An American legal writer and educator, born in New- Boston. Hillsborough County, N. H. He was educated nt Pliillijis Andover Academy and at Harvard College, which he left at the end of his junior year (1840) to begin the study of law. He entered the Harvard Law School in 1851 and graduated in 1853. removing immedi- ately to New York, where he practiced until 1870. in partnership with .Tudges William G. Chopte and Addison Brown. In 1870 he was elected Dane professor nf law at Harvard Law Schnnl, was made dean of the school in the following year, and retained the position until 1895. He
