J The tenth letter of the English alphabet, and tlic latest letter added to our script. In form, J was at first merely a variation of I. and both characters were used interchangeably for either vowel or consonant. A differentiation later followed in the value of the symbols. .J was appropriated to represent the consonant sound, I was confined to the vowel. In English this usage did not become established until the seven- teenth century. In the minuscule letter the dot over the ;' is a proof of its original identity with i. Pho>"ETIC Chabacteb. In English / has the composite sound of (i + r/i, as in judge. It is thus a combination of the voiced dental explosive and the voiced palatal spirant. In French, how- ever, the spirant value (^/i) alone is given the letter, as in jour [j pronounced as the z in Eng- lish azure) ; in German ;' has the original y-sound of the Latin i-consonant : in Spanish the / has a sound resembling a guttural ch. As to its source, the English j appears chiefly in words derived from the Romance languages, and hence from the Latin / ( i ) , or di. Thus, the English word 'to judge' has its ; from the OF. jugier, Lat. judi- care; on the other hand. Eng. 'journal' is through the French journal from the Lat. diurnalis. Be- fore the differentiation of ./ and / in English the combination Gi for J was sometimes used in Mid- dle English, as in Giires for Jeics, no doubt under Romance influence; cf. Ital. Giovanni, from Lat. Johannes. JABALPUR, jubul-poor', or JTTBBTIL- PORE. A division of the Central Provinces (q.v.), British India. It comprises the districts of .Jabalpur. Saugor, Damoh. Seoni. and Mandla, and has an area of 19.003 square miles. Popula- tion, in 1891, 2,375.600: in 1901, 2,061,000. Capi- tal. .Jabalpur. JABALPUR. or JTJBBTTLPORE. The cap- ital of a district and division of the Central Provinces, and one of the most important rail- road junctions of British India, near the Xer- budda River, 200 miles southwest of Allahabad (Map: India. D 4). It is 1458 feet above the sea. picturesquely situated in a hilly, rock-en- circled basin marked with numerous gorges. Tlio town has wide and straight streets, an industrial school, and a military establishment. It manu- factures cotton goods and carpets, and its ex- port and import trade is of considerable impor- tance. It was formerly the great centre of the Thugs or stranglers, who were eventually sup- pressed by the British Government. The Marble Rocks, eleven miles distant, is a favorite excur- sion place and a scene of great natural beauty and interest. Population, in 1891, 84.500; in 1001, 89,700. JAB'BOK (Heb. ijabbok, copious river, prob- ably from TjSkak, to pour forth). A stream of the East .Jordan country, which rises near Rab- bath Amnion, and after a course of about 65 miles, not taking into account its numerous windings, empties into the .Jordan 23 miles north of the Dead Sea. The modem name is Xahr ez-Zerqa ( 'blue river' ) . Its banks offer some of the most picturesque scenery of Palestine. Before the conquest of Canaan it separated the territories of Ammonites and Amorites (.Joshua xii. 2 ) , and later flowed through the Land of Gad. On its banks .Jacob had his encounter with the mysterious antagonist (Gen. xxxii. 24-25), though it may be that the Yamuck was the stream originally meant. JAB1RU (Brazilian name). (1) A large stork [Mijcteria Americana) , common in tropical America, and occasionally found as far north as Texas. It is about 4 feet long and 7 feet across the wings. The plumage is pure white, but the head and neck are destitute of feathers and are black, with a reddish or flesh-colored ring around the base of the neck. The bill is a foot long, very thick at the base, and slightly bent upward at the tip. The jabiru is the only true stork (sub- family Ciconiiyice) found in North America. (2) Two other storks, one Oriental and the other African, which are so closely allied that, were they not widely separated, they would probably be considered as members of a single genus. The former is the black-bellied jabiru of Australia (Xenorhynchiis Ausiralis) . represented in South- eastern Asia by a similar species or variety: and the latter is the handsome 'saddle-billed' stork (Ephippiorhynchus Senegalensis) of the Sudan, one of the most common and conspicuous wading birds of the marshy region of the Upper Xile. JABLOCHKOFF (ya'bloch-k6f) CANDLE. See Eij:cTRir Liohtixg. JABLONOWSKI, yii'bld-ndv'sk*, Joseph Alexander (1712-77). A Polish-German patron of letters. He was Waywode of Xowogrodek. and left his fatherland in 1768. He went to I>ip- zig. where he endowed the .Tahlonowski Scien- tific Association, and offered three prizes for
