LENOIB. 127 liE NOTRE. struction sur Varchitecture monastique ( 1S52- 56) ; Des monuments anterieurs a retablisse- ment du christianisme dans les Gaulcs (1840); Architecture militatre au moyen age, and Monu- ments religieux au moyen uge (1847); Le tom- heau de Xapoleon ler aux Incalides (1855) ; and IStatistique monumentalc de Paris (1801-67). He was famous for his reproductions of mediaeval buildings. LENOKE', Ger. pron. la-ni/re. (1) A noted ballad by Burger (1773) and the name of its hero- ine. The story rests on a variety of similar Slavic tales, which gave rise to the German tradition. Its basis is the jjopular belief that the tears of a maiden for a lost lover may bring him back from the grave in the form of a vampire. In all the tales of this class the lover fetches the maiden from her home and carries her with him on a demoniac ride to the churchyard, where she is either torn in pieces or rescued at the last moment by the crowing of the cock or by some providential intervention. (2) A poem by E. A. Poe, first published under the title A. Pwan (1831). (3) The heroine of Poe's Raven. LENOKMAND, le-nor'niiix'. Makie Axne Adelaide (1772-1843). A French fortune-teller, born at Alencon. After going to Paris (1790) .she took up fortune-telling as a profession. She soon attracted attention, and opened a 'cabinet of divining,' where for many years she was consulted by persons of all ranks, even by the Court of Xapoleon. It is said that .Josephine was greatly influenced by her. In 1809 she had to leave Paris, and went to Brussels. She was re- peatedly imprisoned. Among her publications are: Prophetiques (1815) ; Mcmoires historiques 1 1 secrets de I'imperatrice Josephine (1820) ; and Souvenirs de la Belgique (1822). LENORMANT, le-nor'mttx', Chables (1802- 59 ) . A French archfeologist, born in Paris. He originally studied law, but after visiting Italy devoted himself to archteology. He was made inspector of fine arts in 1825. and in 1828 accom- panied the younger Champollion to Egypt. After- wards he went to Greece as a member of the com- mission to explore the Morea. He was made curator of the library of the Arsenal in 1830; curator of printed books in the Eoyal Library in 1837. and director of the cabinet of medals in 1841. Meanwhile he had lectured at the Sorbonne. He was elected to the Institute in 1839. and in 1848 was appointed to the chair of Egyptian archaeology in the College of France. He con- tributed numerous articles on art and archoe- nlogy. chiefly to the Correspondant (edited by him. 1843-55), and wrote several works, including Des artistes contemporains (1833): Questions historiques (1845): Introduction a I'histoire orientate (1838); ilusee des antiquites egyp- tiennes (1842): Le tresor de numismatique et de glifptique (1836-50), with Paul Delaroche and Henriquel-Dupont ; and Elite des monuments ccramographiques (1844-57) with de Witte. LENORMANT, Francois (1837-83). A French archipologist. born in Paris. .January 17, 1837. He was early trained by his father, the archa>ologist Charles Lenormant. in the Greek literature and instructed as to the monuments; and when only fourteen years of age. he pub- lished an article on some Greek tablets from ^Memphis in the Revue Arch^oloqique. In 1857 he was awarded the numismatic prize by the Academic des Inscriptions, and two years later went with his father to Greece and the East. In 1860, after the massacre of Christians by the Druses, he went to Syria, and afterwards pub- lished a Histoire des tnassacres de Syrie en 1860 (1861). Returning to Greece, he conducted ex- cavations at Eleusis and along the Sacred Way, of which the results were partially embodied in La voie sacree eleusinienne (1864), a work un- fortunately never completed, and in articles in periodicals. In 1862 he was appointed sub- librarian of the French Institute, and in 1874 professor of archaeology at the Bibliothfeque Xationale. During his la.st years he devoted part of his time to au exploration of the less- visited parts of Southern Italy. Here he met with an accident, and after a long illness died, December 9, 1883. Lenormant was a scholar of ' encyclopedic learning, a wonderful diversity of interest, and great productivity. In Greek archaeology proper, his contributions were largely in the form of articles in such journals as the Revue Archeologique and the Gazette Archeolo- gique, of which he was founder (with De Witte), editor, and chief contributor. He edited, with Eobiou, Chefs d'aeuvre de I'art antique (7 vols., 1867-68), and had begun to publish the results of his Italian travels in La Grande-Grice (1880-84), and A trovers I'ApuIie et la Lucanie (1883). In the field of numismatics his great work was La monnaie dans Vantiquite (1878-79), of which only three volumes appeared, but he also published a popular work, ilonnaies et medailles (1883), and numerous essays. Per- haps his most lasting work was done in the study of the ancient nations of the East, with especial reference to the origins and early forms of their civilization. His studies were sum- marized in the ilanuel de I'histoire aneienne de I'Orient (1869: 9th ed. 1881-83). and Les ori- gines de I'histoire d'apres la hible et les tradi- tions des peuples orientaux (1880-84). His discovery of the Accadian, a non-Semitic lan- guage, in the cuneiform texts, was announced and defended in a series of papers, and his investigation of the Chaldean religion led to the publication of Les sciences occultrs en Asie (1874-75). Important at the time of its publi- cation was the Kssai sur la propagation de I'alphahet phenicien dans I'aneien monde (1872- 75). I,E NOTRE, k no'tr'. AxDEfi (1613-1700). A French landscape gardener, born in Paris. He was the son of the superintendent of the Tuileries gardens, and was sent to study painting under Simon Vouet. But Le XOtre preferred the oc- cupation of his father, and soon gained such a reputation that Fouquet gave him charge of lay- ing out the grounds of the Chateau de Vaux. This was the first example of the formal French garden, stiffly designed on geometri- cal lines, with artificial lakes and grottoes, and ornamented with statues and clipped trees. But. despite its severity, the design had a cer- tain grandeur, and it suited the architectiire of the day. When Louis XH'. saw these gardens en fete, he made Le Xotre director of the royal grounds, and gave him charge of the new park of Versailles, which shows, more than any other of his works, his wonderful knowledge of per- spective. Other French gardens that he laid out, entirelv or partiallv. are those of ChantiUy, Meudon, Saint-Cloud, Fontainebleau, Saint-Ger-
