LENTULTTS. 130 liEO. vices, and romnincd under a eloud of disgrace. He became ])ra'ti)r again in u.v. G.'i, the year of Cicero's consulsliij), wlien he joined in Catiline's conspiracy, and was the leader of the conspir- ators within the walls when Catiline left to take the load in the field. Cicero, however, obtained full proofs of the conspiracy from the ambassa- dors of the Allobroges; and when Lentulus and his comrades were confronted with the evidence, they were forced to confess their guilt. Lentulus liimsclf resigned his oHice, aiid was put to death with the other leaders in the Tulliauum. (2) V. CoRXEi.iis Lextii.us Spixtiikr, a friend of Cicero, only a very distant relative of the above. He was curule a>dile in li.c. 63 (the year of Cicero's consulship), when the conspirator Len- tulus was given into his custody after his ar- rest. He was prietor in B.C. GO, and consul in 57, when he procured Cicero's recall from exile. In the following years he followed the fortunes of Pompey. but C;esar pardoned him, and we hear nothing of the end of his life. (3) Son of the last, of the same name, also a follower of Pompey. Pardoned by Ca'sar, he finally joined Brutus and Cassius in their campaigns, and coined silver money for the payment of their troops, specimens of which are common. LENZ, lents, Jakob Michael Reinhold (17.51-92). A German poet and dramatist, born at Ses.swegen, Livonia. After studying at Ko- nigsberg, he went to Strassburg in 1771 as tutor to two young noblemen from Courland. At Strassburg he allied himself to the literary co- terie of which Goethe was a member. In 1776 he followed Goethe to Weimar, where, despite his friends' remonstrances, he showed such utter dis- rcgani for social conventions that he was con- tinually in trouble. Finally, he was banished from Weimar, wandered in various countries, be- came insane, and died an object of charity in Moscow. Lenz was one of the most typical ex- amples of the poets of the "Storm and Stress" period. In his works he railed against the blind servitude to French Classicism ; in his life he proclaimed the right of nature against conven- fiouMlity. lie was a gifted but wayward writer. He lias been ranked next to Goethe — "Innr/o srd prnxinuis intci'vnlln." however, as Krich Schmidt has written — among the dramatists of the Storm and Stress. His Drr JJofmristrr was by many of his contemporaries attributed to Goethe. His shorter poems often contain passages of ex- quisite lyric beauty. Consult: Tieek. Oexam- ^ write Krhriften ron Lenz (1819) ; Schmidt, Lenz inid Klinger (1878); Froitzheim, Lenz und Goethe. "LENZ, IMax (18.50—). A German historian. He was born at Greifswald. and studied at Bonn, Greifswald, and Berlin. In ISSl lie was made prnfes.sor of media'val and modern history at jlarburg; seven years later went to Breslau. and in ISnO to the Cniversity of Berlin. He Avrote on the jieriod of the Reformation: Briefirechsel Lnndfiraf Philippx dr.i Grn.fxmiitipcn von JTessen init iiucer (1880-91); Drei Trnktate aus dem Heliriftenci/Llus drx Konstanscr Konzils (1876) ; Martin Luther (1883). LENZ, OsKAR (1848—). A German geogra- pher and explorer, born in Leipzig and educated in the imiversity there (1866-70) . As a member of the Austrian Geological Institute he went on geological expeditions in Croatia, Hungary, and Bohemia, and assisted Hochstetter in preparing IJic ziccite deutsclic Nordpolj'ulirt (1874). In 1874 he went on a scientific expedition for the German African Company and spent three years in West Africa. On a second journey, in 1880, he crossed the western Sahara in the disguise of an Arab merchant, reaching Timbuktu. In 1886 he undertook an expedition for the relief of .Junker, Casati. and Lupton, who were penned up by tlie Jlahdi revolt. On this journey he made vahiable discoveries in Kast Africa, espe- cially around the sources of the Nile. He re- turned to Austria in 1887 and became professor of geography in the German Lniversity of Prague. His African tours are described in: Skizzen aus Westafrika (1878) ; Timbuktu. Reise durch Marokko, die l^ahara und den Sudun, which contains many valuable contributions to our knowledge of the Sahara; and Wanderungcn in Afrika (1895). His later works are: Die sogennanten Zwergvijlker Afrikas (1894); Ueber Oeld bei Naiurvolkern (1895); Ophir und die Ruinen hei Simbaby (1896); and "Geographie von Afrika," in Andree, Handbueh der (Jeogra- phic (1899). LE'O (Lat., lion) . The fifth sign of the zodiac (q.v.). XiEO. The name of thirteen popes. Leo I., Saint. Pope 440-461, .surnamed 'the Great,' one of the most eminent of the Latin fathers. He was born in Tuscany. By Pope Celestine I. (422-432) he was made one of the seven Roman deacons. His influence is attested by Cassian's dedication to him of his De Incnrnntione Contra yrxtorium (430), and Cyril of Alexandria appealed to his aid against Bishop .Juvenal of .Jerusalem, who de- sired to be made a patriarch (431 ) . Pope Sixtus III. (432-444) sent him on a civil embassy to Gaul, while absent on which he was elected Pope. Leo's letters, addressed to all parts of the Church, exhibit prodigious activity and zeal, and are used by Catholic controversialists as an evi- dence of the extent of the jurisdiction of the Roman See. In a council held at Rome in 449, he set aside the proceedings of the so-called Robber Synod of Ephesus, which had been held that j-ear and had pronounced in favor of Eutyches (q.v.), sununoned a new council at Chalcedon, in which his legates presided, and in which Leo's celebrated 'dogmatical letter' was accepted 'as the voice of Peter,' and adopted as the authentic exposition of the orthodox doctrine on the person of Christ. The history of Leo's in- terposition with Attila (452) in defense of the Roman city and people will be found in the article Attila ; and his subsequent similar inter- position with Genseric (455). if less dramatic in the incidents with which history or legend has invested it, was at least so far successful as to save the lives of the citizens, and the public and private buildings of the city of Rome. He for- mulated clearly the monarchical idea of the Papacy, which he conceived to be Imilt upon Peter ami the divinely constituted head of the Chris- tian world. Accordingly he acted consistently in the character of universal bisliop. He regulated affairs in Africa no less than in Gaul and Spain. When he found that the Coimcil of Chalcedon (451) had put Constantinople above all other apostolic patriarchates, he required the Em- peror to cancel the offensive 28th canon, and as the Emperor declared that its confirmation de- pended upon the Pope, Leo asserted that the
