lilCHENS. 210 LICHTENBEBQEB. gions. The liilien called reindeer moss' (Cla- dania ranyiftiino) supports imniense herds of reindeer and eattle in tlie hifililands of Norway, and till' 'Iceland muss" [Vcliaiiu istaiidica) is eaten h man. Some typical lichens are shown on the accompanying ])late. A lichcn-.spore can produce a new plant only ■ if it germinates among the cells of a suitable alga. It then proceeds to inelo.se the algal cells in a web of threads (mycelium) and holds them ever afterwarils in slavery. This hehavinr has been well established by a number of investigators who have produced artilicial lichens by liringing the spores in contact with the proper wild algae. Groups of algal cells with a portion of the threa<ly body (mycelium) nay form scales ('sore- dia') on the surface of the lichen body, and these are capable of rc|)roduetion. For American species, consult Tuckerman, A Synopsis of orlIt .iincricnii Lwhens. See AscoMYCETES and Colored Plate of Mo.ssES AND LiCHEXS with Musci. LICH'FIELD. An ancient city in StafTord- shiic. KiiL:biiid. a civic county, 15 miles south- east of Stalbird (Map: England, E 4). Consid- erable brewing is carrie<l on. together with mar- ket gardening and manufacturing of harness, car- riages, and carpets. Its chief edifice is the cathe- dral, a red sandstone hviilding (jf fine ])roportions in the early English style, dating from the thir- teenth and fourteenth centuries, and occupying a commanding site. Its length is 403 feet ; width of transepts. 149 feet: of nave, 05 feet: and height, (iO feet. It is surmounted by three spires, the central spire being 2(iO feet high, and the two western spires each 100 feet high. Other notable features are the western facade, orna- mented with one hundred statues in niches; the triforium, the Lady Chapel, and several fine mon- uments. The cathedral, formerly surrounded by a wall, was besieged and damaged greatly by the Puritans in 1643, It was restored by Wren, who built the central spire; at the end of the nine- teenth century it again underwent a complete restoration. Lichfield has a free grammar-school, in which .ddison. Ashmole Johnson, and Oarrick, natives of the town or vicinty, were educated. The market-place contains a colns.sal statue of Dr. Johnson, Lichfield was made an episcopal see in fifiO, and received its citv charter in 1549, Population, in 189L 78G4: in 1001, 7000, Con- sult: Britton, m.itori/ of Lich field (London, 1836); Beresford. Lichfield (London, 1880), LICH-GATE (from lich, AS, lie, OHG. lih, Ger, Lcirhc. Ooth. Icik, corpse, body -- gale), or Corpse-Gate, A churchyard gate with a porch or shed attached. Such gates are common in many parts of England. The bodies of persons brought for burial are set down under the shelter of the roof wliile the service is read. LICHTENBERG, llK't^-n-herK. A residential suburb of Berlin, on the east, practically a part of the capital. Population, in 1890, 22,770; in 1000, 4.'?..'!72. LICHTENBERG, GEORr, Ciirlstopii (1742- 00). A German physicist and satirist, bom at Oberramstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse. He re- ceived bis first instruction in mathematics and physical studies from bis father, and after studying at Giittingen was appointed professor in the L'niversity of Gijttingen in 1769. At the end of that year he went to England, where he mingled and studied with many of the leading scientists of his day. The results of his investigations appeared later in numerous discoveries in the field of electricity, of which the most important were the electrical figures named after him. In England he became a fre- quent visitor to, and student of, the theatre in which Garriek was then a distinguished figure, iloreover, a keen observer by nature and training, in his study of English literature he was soon im- pressed by the inferiority of the German wit to that of such men as Swift, after whom he later patterned to some extent his own satiric method. After a second visit to England (1774-75), he resumed his lectures on experimental physics at Giittingen. He continued, however, to devote nuich time to literary pursuits. His keenness of wit and his boundless resources of ridicule resulted in his publication of several well- aimed satires, of which the best known are his Leber I'lij/.iiorjiwmik leider die I'hi/niof)- notiien, against the new .science of physiognomy of Lavatcr, and his Veher die I'vo'intneitition del- ^cliui)sc des alien Griechenland, against Voss. From 1778 he edited the (Uitlinriiseher Tascbenkalender, in which be severely attacked the '.Storm and Stress' writers. Here he published in part his articles on Hogarth, whom he did much to popularize in Germany. In the com- pleted wcjrk, the Erkiiiruny der Ilnyarthischen Kupferxlieke (1704 et scq,), he gave the most brilli:int proof of his critical power, by his clear explanation and interpretation of the Knglish artist's work. In later years he was affected by hypochondria, but, though forced to withdraw from society, continued his studies and writings. His (ledcnkiiicher. or Diaries, contain interesting maxims, epigrams, and brief essays. Consult Lauehert, Lichtcnherfis sehriftslellerisehe TlUitig- keit (Giittingen. 1893). LICHTENBERG, Leopold (1861 — ). An American violinist, born in San Francisco, He first appeared in public when eight years of age. Four years later he came under the tiiition of Wieniawski, and toured with him tlunugh the various States of the Union. Subsequently he was for six months under Lambert in Paris, after which he rejoined Wieniawski in Brussels; and, devoting himself for three years to serious study, he was enabled to win a first prize at the na- tional 'concours.' He returned to America, and for a time played under Theodore Thomas in New York, after which he made a three years' tour of Europe. Returning to America, he be- came a member of the Boston Symphony Orches- tra, and was appointed head of the violin faculty of the New York Consen-atory, LICHTENBERGER, liK'tcn-berger, FRtiDfr Ric AiGusTE (1S32 — ). A French theologian, born at Strassburg. He obtained his degree in theology, and was made professor at the Tmiver- sity of his native town (1864). In 1877 he was appointed professor in the newly founded Prot- estant faculty at Paris, of which he also became dean. His publications inchide: La thMoyie de Lessiny (1854); De Apostolorum Prweeptis Redemptoriam Christi Mortem Spectantibus (1857) : Etude sur le prineipe du protestantisme (1857) : Des flfmenis ennstitiitif.i de In science doymntique (1860) ; and Hixtoire des id^es re- Uyieuses en AUemaqne depiiis le milieu du XVIII^me sUcle [1S7SS7).
