LIEBER. 2U lilEBIG. break of the Greek revolution in 1821, he went to Greece to take part in the stru{;gle. An ac- count of his exiK-riences is {^iven in his Jourmil in Orccce (1823). In 1822 lie found liis way to Rome, where lie became a tutor in the family of the historian Niehuhr. With him Lieber re- turned to licrlin. an<l was rearrested on allega- tions of disloyalty based on the old charges. After a short imprisonment at Kiipenick, enliven- ed by the composition of a number of poems, he was "released through the ctVorts of his friend Xic- buhr, and, wearied by this constant persecution, left his native country in 1825 forever. For a .short time he resiiled as a teacher in London, and in 1827 he embarked for the New World. His first work, the editing of the Enciiclripwdia Aiiieri- fdiia, was completed during his five years' resi- dence in Boston (1827.32). The next two years were spent in Philadelphia, where he was inter- ested in educational plans in connection with Gi- rard College. In KS.'io he removed to Columbia, S. C. where he occupied the jiosition of professor of political economy in the South Carolina College for twenty years; and hero he produced his most im- portant works: .1 Maniinl of Political Ethics (1838); l^iijnl and Political Herntencutics (183!)); and Ciri7 Liberty and fyelf-Government (1852). In his line of investigation Lieber stands second to none. Such writers and jurists as Witterinaier. Bluntsehli, Laboulaye, Story and Kent, recognize<l in him a kindred mind. The spirit of his work is indicated in his favorite motto, yiilluni jiix sine officio, nullum officium sine jure CXo right without its duties, no duty without its rights"). In 185(> Lieber was called to Columbia College. New York, to take the chair of political economy, and in I860 accepted the chair of political science in the Co- lumbia Law Seliool, giving up his chair of economics. During the Civil War he served the <;overnment by preparing, at the re(|uest of the War Department, a set of •'Instructions for the Government of tlie Armies of the United States in the Field." which is regarded as an authority on the usages of civilized warfare, and forms the basis of a number of militaiy codes today. It is known as "General Order No. 100," aiid if- quoted often as authoritative. Lieber was a member of the French In.stitute and of nu- merous other learned societies in America and Europe. He died in New York. Sejitember 2. 1872. Among his voluminous minor writ- ings the following are the most noteworthy: flemiiiiscenccs of Nicbuhr; Lans of Proiiert}/ ; Penal Laws and the Penitentiary fliistem ; Prison Discipline: The Oriffin and Deielnpment of the First Constituents of Cirili:ation ; and (Ireat Erents Described by Great Historians. His memoir was written by Perry, published in Bos- ton. 1S82, and a discriminating estimate of his career was published by Thayer in 1873. Lieber's Miscellaneous ^Vritinf|s were collected by Gilman and published in two octavo volumes, Philadel- phia, 1881. His enllection of books were sold to the I'niversity of California, and his manuscripts were deposited in the .Johns Hopkins University. IiIEBEK, Gtino Norm.x (1837—). An American soldier and publicist. He was born at Columbia, 8. C, where his father, Francis Lieber (q.v. ). was a professor in South Carolina College. He graduated at that institution in 1856. and at Harvard Law School in 1850, and at the out- break of the Civil War was practicing law in New York City. He then obtained an appoint- ment as a lieutenant in the Regular Army, was assigned to the Eleventh Infantry, was advanced to the rank of regimental adjutant, and served in McClellan's Peninsular campaign, in which he was brevelted captain for gallantry at the battle of Gaines's Mill (.June 27, 1802). At the sec- ond battle of Bull Run he served as an aide on General Pope's staff. Appointed major and judge- advocate, he was assigned to the Department of the Gulf, receiving a further brevet for services in the Red River campaign. P'rom 1878 to 1882 he was professor of law at West Point. He be- came assistant judge-advocate-general, with rank of colonel, in 1884. and was judge-advoca|e-gen- cral of the United States Army from IBOS to 1901. in which capacity he was one of the most valuable advisers of President JIcKinley during the Spanish-American War. His publications include several importiint treatises on the laws of war, such as The Use of the Army in Aid of the Ci-vil Poller (1898). and Remarks on the Army Ucyulations (1808). lilEBER, or LIEBLER, TiiOM.s. A Swiss physician and theologian, better known under the Latinized form of his name, Erastus (q.v.). LIEBERMANN, le'ber-man, M.x (1.840—). A German artist, born in Berlin. He studied at the University of Berlin, received his artistic training at the Weimar Academy, first exhibited in 1874, and after further studies in France be- came one of the foremost German representatives of the plein-air school. During a residence in Holland he studied the work of Israels, and de- rived motifs for numerous later pictures. Prom 1879 to 1884 he was active at ilunich, where his "Christ in the Temple" evoked much unfavorable eomment at the International Exhibition (1879). His canvases frequently have been criticised as commonplace and ugly in subject and blackish and dull in treatment. They include principally landscapes with figures, and genre scenes of Dutch life. Noteworthy among them are: "Flax- Shed at Laren, Holland" (National Gallery, Ber- lin) ; "Street in Zandvoort;" "The Weaver;" "The Shoemaker's Workshop;" "Hospital Garden at Leyden;" and "The Turnip-Field." Lieber- mann worked also in crayon (portrait of Dr. Bode) and pastel (portrait of Hauptmann). and execiited several etchings. Consult the biography by Kiimmerer (Leipzig. 1803). LIEBHARD, leji'liiirt, .Joachim. The correct name of the German Classicist generally known as .Joachim Camerarius (q.v.). LIEBIG, le'biK, Jusxr.s vox. Baron (1S03- 73). One of the greatest chemists of the nine- teenth century. He was born at Darmstadt. Ger- many, the son of a dealer in dyestufl's. He early showed a strong predilection for natural science. At the age of fifteen he became apprenticed to an apothecary at Heppenheim. near Darmstadt. Soon after he entered the University of Bonn, then went to Eriangen. where he took his doctor's degree in 1822. In that year he published a paper on fulminating mercury, and in 1823 went to Paris, where, by further researches on the fiilminates. he soon attracted the attention of Alexander von Humboldt. Hiimboldt introduced Liebig to Gay-Lussae, Thenard, and Dulong. and the young German chemist was hospitably re- ceived in the laboratory of Gay-Lussac. At the recommendation again of IJumboldt, Liebig
