LAVAL UNIVERSITY. 18 (iircctors of the (Jiuliii- Soiiiiiiiuy aiul the tliree senior-professors of eiifli faculty. Tliore nre four faculties — theology, law, metlicinc, ami arts — in each of which the bachelor's, master's, or licen- tiate's, and doctor's degrees are conferred. The theological professors are appointed l)y the vis- itor, all others by the council. In 11102 the uni- versity had .SS-t students, of wlioni 11)3 were in theology. S4 in law. 117 in medicine, and 100 in arts. The faculty numbered 51, and the lilirary contained 140.000 volumes. The extension work of the university is carried on through a branch at Jlontreal, which is ]iractically independent, and by a system of alliliated seminaries through- out the Province of Quebec. Rector, Monsei- gneur, O. E. Mathieu. LAVATER, lii'vii-ter, .Johax.n Kaspar (1741- 1801). . Swiss mystic, founder of what is known as the "art of physiognomy.' He was born in Zurich, the son of a physician. A.' a boy he showed no remarkable aptitudes, though in youth he gave proof of power by coming for- ward in 1702 with the artist Henri Fuseli to ac- cuse the Lamlvoyt Urebel of opjuession and in- justice, u'nder which others had groaneil without daring to complain. A volume of poems entitled Schiftizcrlicdir (1707) early gained for Lavater a great re|Hitation. Aussiclitoi in die Kuigkcit (3 vols., 1708-7.3). his next publication, speedily ran through several editions. The tone of his work is one of exalted religious enthusiasm, mingled with asceticism; for Lavater was a mys- tic both in theology and philosophy. This gave to his opponents an opportunity to accuse him of all manner of heresy. Possessing the keenest pow-ers of observation and the most delicate dis- crimination of human traits, Lavater came to believe that the eliaracter of men could be dis- covered in their countenances. He labored to form a system of physiognomy, hoping thus to promote the welfare nf mankind; and at last publislied the work upon which his fame chiefly rests. I'lii/xionnomischc I'ropimiilc cHi" licfiinl- cruny der ]tethsrhcnl;cnnt»t.<is uiid MciiKrhciilirhc (4 vols., 1775-78). Lavater at first bailed the French lievohition with Joy; but after the nnir- der of the King he regarde<l the whole movement with religious abhorrence. At the capture of Zurich by Massena. while aiding the wounded in the street. Lavater himself received a woun<l, from the cITects of which ho died. LAVATER, Loins. The pseudonym of the Alsatian historian Ludwig Adolf Spach (q.v.). LAVEDAN, la'vr-dliN', Hkn'RI (1S.-)0-). A French novelist, dramatist, journalist, and critic. His contributions to La lie I'driairiuic, (lil Bhi'<, and other journals are signed Manchecour. Of his plays the best, Une faniillc (1800), won a prize from the Academy. His fiction, mainly short stories, of which the vohinic La IJaute (ISni) is typical, sparkles with dry and often cynical wit, and delicate yet biting irony. LAVELEYE, la'v'-la'. Kmii.f. he (1822-02). A Belgian iiolitical economist and publicist, born at Bruges. He studied at Ghent, and in 1S04 was made professor of political economy in the T'niversity of Lifge. He was a member of the international jury at Paris. 1807. and a corre- sponding menibcr of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of Paris. Laveleye wrote much for the Rrrue den Deux Mondefi and other periodicals. His most important works are: De LAVERAN. Ill jtrofiviiti el ses formes pfiiiiitiees (1874) ; Le .■ioeialisme contemi>oniin (1881); Elements d'eeonomie politiijue (1882); Le gouvernement dinix la d6mocratie (1891); La monnaic et le biinitallisme internutionalc (1891). LAVENDER (ML. lavandiila, lavcndiila, lavender, from It. Unanda, lavender, washing, from It., Lat. lavaie, to wash; connected with Lat. lucre, Gk. Xoiav. loiiein, to wash), Lavan- dula. A genus of plants of the natural order Labiata", having the stamens and style included within the tid)e of the corolla, the corcdla two- lipped, the upper lip bifid, the lower trilid. The conunon lavender or narrow-leaved lavender (jAivandula vera) grows wilil on stony moun- tains and hills in the south of Kirope. and in more northern regions is very generally culti- vated in gardens. It has an aromatic fragrance, aromatic bitter taste, and contains a volatile oil, oil of lavender. The whole plant is credited with LAVENUEK. stimulant properties, but particularly the flower- spike, and is used in medicine as a tonic, stom- achic, nerve stimulant, etc. Lavender-flowers are often put into wardrobes to keep away moths. They are much used in jK-rfumery. Lavender is extensively cultivated for its flowers in France, and in some places near London. Broad-leaved lavender {Larandula spira) is also a native of the south of Europe, but is more tender than common lavender. It is also less fragrant, and the oil which it yields is called oil of spike, and sometimes foreign oil of lavender. Lavender i-i grown occasionally in gardens in the United States, especially in California, Imt nowhere as yet on a conmiercial scale. LAVERAN, liVv'-rilN', Charles Louis (1812- 79). A French military physician, born at Dun- kirk. He studied at Lille ; was assistant at the hospital of Algiers, and professor at the military
