LISBON. 319 LISMORE. and chemicals, and various other articles; it has also sugar-refineries, iron-foundries, and machine- shops. Commercially Lisbon has the natural a.lvantages of harbor and geograpliical position that should make it a leading centre of trallic. Its trade is principally with England, Brazil, and the African colonies. The cbicf imports are grain, sugar, cotton, tobacco, coal, petroleum, and timber; the chief exports, cork, wine, olive oil, salt, fruits, and fish ; besides, Lisbon is an impor- tant port of transit for colonial wares. In 1887 extensive harbor improvements, inchiding the con- struction of several large docks, were begun, which render the commercial outlook very promis- ing. The population was, in 1890, SOS^OOO, and in 1000, 357,000. Lisbon was called Olisipo by the ancient Lusi- tanians ; the Visigoths changed the name to Olisi- poiia. and the Moors to Lishhuna, whence the present name. It is said to have been founded by the Plitcnicians, and was the flourishing capital of Lusitania when first visited by the Romans. It was taken by the Moors in 710 and held by them till 1147, when it was recaptured by Alfonso I. with an arm}' of Crusaders, mostly Englishmen. During the centuries of Portuguese exploration Lisbon rose to a high position of commercial supremacy. It lost this position during the Span- ish occupation (1.580-1640). On the 1st of November. 1755, the city was visited by a fright- ful earthquake, which laid the greater part of it in ruins and killed 30.000 to 40,000 persons. Its rapid recovery was due largely to the energy of the Prime Minister, the Marquis of Pouibal. In 1807-08 the city was occupied by the French. LISBON". A village and the county-seat of Columbiana County, Ohio, 51 miles north by west of Wheeling, W. Va.; on the Beaver River, and on the Eric Railroad. It has a public library of 3300 volumes. The village is of considerable im- portance as the centre of a productive section en- gaged in farming, mining, and sheep-raising, and has various manufacturing industries. The water-works are o^-ned by the municipality. Population, in 1800, 2278; in 1000, 3330. LISBURN, liz'bfim. A market-town and cathedral city on the Lagan, partly in the County of Antrim, partly in the County of Down, Ireland, eight miles south-southwest of Belfast (Jlap: Ireland, E 2). It is a clean and well-ordered town, with a convenient market, and considerable manufactures of fine linens and damasks. Its parish church is the cathedral of Down, Connor, and Dromore. A noteworthy feature of the town is the monument to .Jeremy Taylor, who was bishop of that see, and died at Lisburn in 1667. Lisburn originated in the erec- tion of a castle, in 1610, by Sir Fulk Conway, to wliom the manor was assigned in the settlement of James 1.; but its importance dates fnmi the settlement of a number of Hugtienot families, who. after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, established themselves at Li.sburn, where they introduced the manufacture of linen and damask, after the machine fabricating nietho<ls employed in the Low Countries. Population, in 1891, 12,250; in 1901, 11,460. LISCO, lls'kii, Emil Gust.w (1810-87). A German theologian. He was born in Berlin and was educated there and at Bonn. From 1845 to 1SS7 he was pastor of different churches in Berlin, and he became known as one of the most distin- guished of its liberal preachers and theologians. He took a prominent part in the liberal Church movement, and was one of the founders of the Berlin Union and the I'nion of the German Prot- estants. In 1872 he was severely reprimanded by the Consistory for his publication of Legciiden- haftc BcstandteUe in dcni apostolischen GUiubcns- bckenntnis (1872). He also published Berlin und der Prolestaniismus (1870-73) and Dcr (jlriiiljr (III den Ueiliyen Geist (1800). LISCOW, li.s'k6, Chkisti.x Lldwig (1701- 00). A German author, born at Wittcnburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He studied law at the universities of Rostock, Jena, and Halle. In 1741 he entered the Saxon civil service, where he at- tained the rank of counselor in 1745. Liscow is considered one of the best (iernian prose writers before Lessing. He attracted mucli attention by his essay Die Vortref/tiehkeit und Notwendigkeil dcr elenden Hkribenten (1730). He republished his ditt'erent satirical writings collectively, under the title Hammlung satirischer und crnsthaftcr Srhriftcn, in 1730. LISIEUX, le'zye' (Lat. yoviomagus). A town in the Department of Calvados, France, situated on the Touques, 118 miles by rail west- northwest of Paris (Map: France, G 2). It is noted for its Gothic Church of Saint Pierre, which dates chiefly from the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries, and has numerous o1)jects of art, mostly mutilated, however. The Cliurch of Saint Jacques (1496-1501) contains some fine mural jiaintings. The episcopal palace, built during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, is now used as a court- house and contains a small coUection of modern Frencli paintings. Lisicux lias numerous private houses in Media;val and Renaissance styles and remains of an old Roman building, probably a theatre. The chief educational institutions are the communal college, a .seminary, and a library of about 28,000 volumes. Textiles are the chief manufactures, and the trade is ])rincipally in agricultural products. Prior to the conquest of the (Jauls Lisicux was the capital of the Lexovii. It was the seat of a bishop from the sixth century to 1700. Population, in 1801, 16,201; in 1001, 10,084. LISLE, Alice (c.I6I4-85). An Englishwom- an, wife of the regicide John Lisle. On the charge of harboring John Hickes, a traitor, whom she knew only as a Dissenter, she was tried bcfoie Judge .leffreys, who forced the jury to convi<-t her. She was condemned to be burned, but this sentence was commuted, and she was beheaded September 2, 1685. LISLE, lei, GuiLL.iUME de (1675-1726). A French geographer, born in Pajis. He devoted himself to the study of cartography from an early age and produced a large number of nuips marked by a correctness of treatment far above the ccneral geographical knowledge of the time. Besides purely geogra|)hicaI works he published a large number of maps in connection with edi- tions of voyages of discovery and exploration. In 1702 he "was elected to the Acad.'mie des Sci- ences and in 1718 was made royal geographer. LISMORE, ITz-mor'. An island of Argyll- sliire one of (he Inner Hebrides, (i miles from Oban (Map: Scotland. C 3). ll is noted for its antiquities: the parish church, formerly the choir of n cathedral; the remains of the Achinduin castle, the ancient residence of the bishops of Ar-
