LIST. 322 LISTON. 1878), and Jentseh (ib., 1001); also Friedrich List, ein. orloufcr and cin Opfer fur das ^'ater■ land (Stuttgart, no date; anonymous). See also article "Kriedrich List" in I'algrave, Dictionary of Political Economy (London, 1894-99). Tlie chief contribution of List to economie thought is contained in Dos nalionnle System dcr politischcn Ockonomie, In tliis work he empha- sizes the idea that tlie economic policj' of a nation should be such as to develop all of its resources, thus placing it in a position of independence. To this end he defended a protective system as necessary for a nation which has not developed its industry and commerce, although he regarded free trade as the goal toward which all nations should tend. He advanced few ideas in defense of protection w-hich had not already been ad- vanced by Alexander Hamilton, with whase work he was presumably familiar; he was, moreover, much indebted to A. Jliiller for his ideas. LISTA Y ARAGON, le'sta e ii'ra-gon', Al- berto (177.3-1848). A Spanish poet and critic, born in Ariana. near Seville. Educated at the University of Seville, he showed wonderful abil- ity in mathematical studies and became professor of mathematics at the age of fifteen, and six years after taught in the College of San Telmo. He became a priest at the age oftwenty. In 1808 he received the chair of rhetoric and poetics in the University of Seville and showed political independence in his Semanario patridtico. But when the French left Spain in 1813 Lista had to go, too, and did not return until 1817. In 1820 he became head of the College of San Mateo, but his teachings were not acceptable to the Church, and he was again forced to leave the country in 1823. He returned in IS.S.'i and was made editor of the Gaccta do Madrid, and in 1837 professor of higher mathematics at Madrid. Then he spent two years in the College of San Felipe Neri in Cadiz and in 1840 retired to Seville. His Poesias ( 1822 and 1837) mark him as one of the greatest Spanish lyrists of the early part of the century. His Canto del espo.io. an imitation of the Song of Solomon, is probably the best of bis lyrics. As a critic he showed a classic taste and a clear and correct style in Ensayoa literarios y criticos (1844) and heceioncs de literatura dramdtica espanola (1839). He collected Trozox cscogidos de los mcjores hahlistas ca.i,lellanos en proxa y r-erso ; rewrote SPgur's Hiatoire unirrrscllc, under the title Ctirso de hixtoria universal; continued (1828) the Historia de Espaiia, written by Mari- ana and Jlinana ; and wrote a Tratado de mate- maticas piiras y mixtas. LISTEMANN", lis'tc-man. A family of Ger- man-American musicians. Fritz (1839 — ) was born at Schlotheini. Thuringia ; studied the violin under David at the Leipzig Conservatory, and, after having been chamber-virtuoso to the Prince of Schwarzburg-Eudolstadt. went in 1867 to New York. In 1871 he became first violin of the Thomas Orchestra; in 1874 a member of a Bos- ton sextet (Philharmnnic Club) ; in 1878 first violin of the Philharmonic Orchestra ; and from 1881 to 1885 held a like position in the Sym- phony Orchestra. He then devoted himself to teaching. — His brother. Bernh.rd (1841 — ) . was born in Schlotheini. and studied the violin under David, Vieuxtemps, and .loachim. He was con- cert -meister at Rudolstadt (1859-67), and then came to the United States with Fritz, and was coimected with the same organizations as was his brother, la 1881 he founded the Listeniann String Quartet, and in 1893 liecame the head of the violin department at the Chicago College of Music. — His two sons, Paul (1871 — ) and Fbaxz (1873 — ), were also excellent musicians, the former being a violinist, the latter a 'cello virtuoso. Paul was a member of his father's organization, studied under Brodsky and Hilf (Leipzig) and Joachim (Berlin), was leader of the Pittsburg Orchestra (1895) and the American Orchestra (New York, 1896). and then became soloist of the Redpath Grand Con- cert Company. Franz studied imder Fries and Giese (Boston), Klengel (Leipzig), and Haus- niann (Berlin). He was for one year first 'cellist of the Pittsburg Orchestra and" then set- tled in New York as a 'cellist and teacher. LIS'TEB, Sir Joseph, Baron (1827—). An English surgeon, father of modern antiseptic sur- gery. He was born at Upton. Essex, the son of Joseph Jackson Lister, and received his early ed- ucation at a .school for Friends. Entering the University of London, he took his degree in arts in 1847, and in medicine in 1854, and became Fel- low of the Royal College of Surgeons in England in the same year, and of Edinburgh in 1855. He studied at Edinburgh in 1856 and was soon made assistant surgeon and lecturer on surgery at that university. He then became successively professor of surgery at Glasgow, professor of clinical surgery at Edinburgh and at King's Col- lege Hospital, London, and was then made sur- geon to the Queen. Lister's earliest labors were in histologj'. His first investigations were di- rected toward proving the existence of ordinary unstriped muscle-fibres in the iris. He made in addition many important observations on the early stages of infiammation and the coagula- bility of the blood. From the first he taught that pus in wounds was due to the decomposition of blood and serum, brought about in some way by the atmosphere, and insisted on scrupulous cleanliness and the use of deodorant solutions in his surgical wards. It was not, however, until the work of Pasteur on Fermentation and Putre- faction appeared that he fully realized that the formation of pus was due to bacteria. He at once set himself to apply the principles of anti- septics to the treatment of wounds, and the development of those principles revolutionized motlern surgery. Lister has been the recipient of many honors, both at home and abroad. In 1880 both Oxford and Cambridge conferred the degree of LL.D. upon him : he was made a baronet in 1883 and a peer in 1897. He re- ceived the medal of the Royal Society in 1880. His more important publications are: Remarks on a Case of Compound Dislocation of the Ankle, tcith Other Injuries, Illuslratiny the Antiseptic System of Treatment (Edinburgh, 1870) ; On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment upon the Salubrity of a Suryical Hospital (Edin- burgh. 1870) ; A Contribution to the Germ The- ory of Putrefaction and Other Fermentative Clwnfies (Edinburgh, 1875). See Antiseptics. LISTON, .John (c.1776-1846). An English comic actor, of whose early history nothing is known, save that ho studied at Soho. He taught school for a time, was entirely unsuccessful in ■ his first appearance on the stage as an amateur, and after some experience in tragic parts, play- ing at times with Mrs. Siddons, he discovered his comic powers. Despite his nervous and
