LITCHFIELD. 323 LITERARY PROPERTY. here, and was melted and cast iuto bullets by the women of Litchfield. The first law school in the United States was founded here in 1784 by .Judge Tnpijing Keeve, who conducted it until his death in 1823. JIany of the most eminent jurists and statesmen of the countrj-, including five Cabinet ministers — Calhoun, Woodburj-, Mason, Clayton, and Hubbard — were trained here. In 1792 iliss Sarah Pierce opened in Litchfield the first institu- tion in America for the higher education of women. Lyman Beecher was pastor of the Con- gregational church from 1810 to 1826, and it was in Litchfield that both Henry Ward Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe were born. Litchfield was also the birthplace of Ethan Allen, and the home for many generations of the distinguished Wolcott family. Consult; Kilbourne, lik-etclies and Chronicles of the Town of Litchfield (Hart- ford, 18.59) ; the Litchfield Book of Dai/s (Litch- field, 1900) ; and an article by Kilbourne, in the Connecticut Quarterli/, vol. ii. (Hartford, 1890). LITCHFIELD. A city in Montgomery Coun- ty, ill.. .j2 miles nortlieast of Saint Louis, Mo.; on the Chicago, Peoria and Saint Louis, the Cleve- land, Cincinnati. Chicago and Saint Louis, the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the Wabash, and other railroads ( Map : Illinois, C 4). It has a public library .and parks; and there is an abundance of coal, natural gas, and oil in the vicinity. Mining and manufactur- ing are the leading industries, the principal in- dustrial establishments being manufactories of mine engines and railroad cars, flour-mills, brick and tile plants, foundries, glass-works, and briquet-works. Litchfield, incorporated in 1859, is governed by a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 5811; in 1900, 5918. LITCHFIELD. A village and the county-seat of Meeker County. Minn., 05 miles west of Min- neapolis; on the Great Xorthern Railroad (Map: Minnesota, Do). It is of considerable impor- tance as the commercial centre of a grain and live- stock region, and has several grain elevators, foundry and machine-shops, and manufactures of flour, hniiber, woolen goods, carriages and wagons, bricks, gloves, etc. Population, in 1890, 1899; in 1900, 2280. LITCHI, or LEECHEE, le'che' (Xeo-Lat., from Chin, lichi). yephelium Lit-chi. A large evergreen tree of the natural order Sapindaceff, native of China and the JIalay Peninsula, and extensively grown in many tropical countries. It is highly prized for its fruit, which is said to be one of the most delicious known. It is cultivated in the West Indies, and attempts have been made to introduce the trees in Florida, but with little success, as the tree is very sus- ceptible to injury by cold and thrives only in the extreme southern part of the State. It is reported as tolerant of the conditions found in parts of southern California. The fruit is a nut an inch or more in diameter, which con- sists of a thin, rough, brittle shell within which is a sweet pulp surrounding a hard seed. The pulp separates readily from the seed and is eaten fresh, dried, or as a sort of preserve. In the dried state the nuts keep a long time, and it is mostly in this form that they are found in commerce. Chi- nese and .Japanese stores usually keep them in stock. The fruit is principally "used as a confec- tion, sugar being one of the chief constituents of the pulp. Fruits of other species of Xephelium resemble the litchi and are used in a similar manner. The principal ones are the rambutan {Xephelium lappaeeum) , which has a bright red fruit covered with soft spines; and the longan ( cphcliiim Longana) , a tree of moderate size and line appearance, which is readily cultivated, the fruit of which is smaller and inferior to the litchi. LIT DE JUSTICE. See Bed of Justice. LITER. .See ilETKic System. LITERARY PROPERTY. ProiKfrty iu ideas, expressed iu written or printed language. Literary property, as delined b, Drone, is "the exclusive right of the owner to possess, use, and dispose of intellectual productions," and copy- right is "the exclusive right of the owner to mul- tiply and dispose of copies of an intellectual pro- duction." The English statute (5, (i Victoria) defines copyright to mean "the sole and exclusive liberty ot printing or of othcnvise multiplying copies of any subject to which the word is herein applied." The American statute ( L'. S. Rev. Stat., sec. 4952) speaks of copyright in a book as "the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, pub- lishing, . . . and vending the same." Property in an intellectual production, com- prising the exclusive right of multiplying for -ale eo])ies of literary or of art productions, is of comparatively recent date. Whatever theories might have been held during the time of the Roman State in regard to the rightfulness of the claim of the author to enjoy the usufruct of all the copies of his production, the numifest impos- sibility of securing, under the conditions then ob- taining, by any process of law or any ap|)liea- tion of tlie authority of the State, the control of such usufruct, prevented the lawyers of the time from giving any serious attention to the question. In these earlier discussions as to the nature of property in ideas, special attention was giveu to the question whether such projierty should take precedence over that in the material which hap- pened to have been utilized for the expression of the ideas. The juri.st Tribonian. who was select- ed by .Justinian to supervise the lueparation of the .Justinian Code, followed an opinion of Gains (given about ..D. 1.50K which, having reference to the owiiership of a certain table upon which a picture had been painted, gave the table to the
