LIVEB. 350 LIVERPOOL. cer, and syphilis. Tuberculosis occurs only as a part of a general infection. (See Ti-iiERCUi.osis, section on the Liver.) In cancer the gland becomes enlarged, hard, and nodular and irregu- lar in outline. The disease is hopeless and treat- ment only palliative. Syphilis of the liver may be hereditary or acquired. In the first form it occurs as an interstitial hepatitis, in the second as a guiiiniatous deposit during the third stage of the disease. See Syphilis. Hydatid cysts are found in the liver more often than anyvvhere else in the body. These are caused by a minute intestinal tapeworm — Ticnia ecchinococcus. See also CALCULUS; BiLE; JAUNDICE; and CiRBHOSIS. LIVER-FLUKE. See Fluke. LIVERMORE, ilAKT AsiiTox (Rice) (1821 — ) . An American reformer. She was bom in Boston, and vas educated in the Charlestown (Mass.) Female Seminaiy. Slie subsequently married D. P. Livermore, a Uuiversalist clergy- man (who died in 1809), and assisted him for some time in editing a Universalist paper in Chicago. She took an active part in the anti- slavery and temperance movements, and during the Civil War distinguished herself by her labors for the soldiers, unaer the direction of the I'nited States Sanitary Commission. Afterwards she became prominent as a lyceum lecturer upon moral and social questions, and took a very con- spicuous part in the total-abstinence cavise and in the movement to secure sufTrage for woman. She was for several years one of the associate editors of the Boston Woman's Journal (1870- 71). Her publications include: The Children's Army (1841) ; ,1 ilental Transformation {SiS) ; Pen Pictures (1863) ; What Shall IVc Do With Our Daughters? (188:1); J/i/ Story of the War (1888) ; 'The Story of My Life (1897). With Frances E. Willard she edited American Women. LIVERPOOL. The second city and seaport of Eniiland. a civic county. Parliamentary and municipal borough of Lancashire, on the right bank of the Jlersey estuary. .3 miles from the Irish Sea. 31i,o miles southwest of ilanchestcr, and 201 miles northwest of London (.Iap: Eng- land. D 3). Seven railways enter the city, and there is a daily steamship communication with Dublin. There are four tunnels under the town in connection with the Loudon and Xortliwo^tern P>ailway, and one in connection with the Midland Railway. A tunnel under the ilersey, 1230 yards long, opened in 1SS6. connects Liverpool with Birkenhead (q.v.). The city covers an area of 12.2.i2 acres, and extends in a semicircular bend along the river-front, which is lined for seven miles by docks and basins, connected by an elec- tric trolley railroad. In the centre is the great floating landing-stage. The docks constitute one of Liverpool's most striking features. The prin- cipal streets diverge from the level ground on the river bank up the adjacent slopes, which at- tain a maximum altitude of 2.50 feet. The main arteries are the Stanley and Scotland roads, while Church and Bold streets are famed for their large and handsome stores. The modern improvement of Liverpool dates from early in the nineteenth century, and its public biildings are some of the finest in the world. Saint Georges Hall, built from 1838 to 18.54 wiih the proceeds of dock profits, occupying three and one-half acres of land, is GOO feet long and 170 feet wide. It is of a Corinthian order of architecture, and its great hall, containing one of the largest organs in the world, is u.sed for public meetings, music festivals, organ recitals, etc. ; the assize courts and other public otlices are in the building. Near Saint George's Hall are the Free Library ajid Museum, the Walker Fine Art Gallery, the Pic- ton Lecture Hall and reference library, the Lime Street railway station, and the principal the- atres. Also centrally situated are the numicipal offices and the Xew Law Courts; other fine struc- tures include the Town Hall, rebuilt in 1754. and forming one side of a quadrangle, with the Ex- change in French Renaissance occupying the other sides; the extensive custom-house in Ionic, the post-office. Royal Institution, Univer- sity College, the markets, banks, insurance buildings, hotels, and several places of amuse- ment. Of the numerous ecclesiastical build- ings. Saint Luke's, a fine modern Gothic church, occupies a prominent site, and Saint Peter's is the pro-cathedral of the diocese. Saint James's Mount is the site of the cathedral now in course of erection. There are several lari;.: and elegant squares in the east or fashional'M part of the town, fine parks, and the suburbs m. studded with the handsome mansions and private residences of the merchants and tradesmen of the city. Of the numerous monuments and stat- ues in the city, the cliief are those of Queen Vic- toria. Prince Albert, Nelson, Wellington, and Huskisson. For administrative purposes Liverpool is di- vided into sixteen districts, represented in the city council by three councilors and one alder- man each. Liverpool sends nine members to Parliament. To remedy the evil of overcrowd- ing in the poorer quarters, old tenements have been condemned and either lorn down by their owners or purchased by the city. The poorest among the working people live in underground cellars, which are highly injurious to health. The city now issues strict re,irulations as to thei^ minimum size, height, position with re- gard to the ground, ventilation, li.aht. etc.. viola- tion of such regulations being punished by fine. How serious the evil is may be seen from the fact that with an average city death-rate of about 23 per 1000 in 1800-99. the mortality in unsanitary districts during the same period ranged from 33 to Go. The death-rate in the modern artisans' dwellings built by the city was only 21. ^hmicipal dwellings were first opened in Liverpool about 1888. accommodating 271 families and 12 shops. The city has been build- ing ever since, the buildin.cs ditlering in accom- modation and size according to their location for artisans and for unskilled laborers. The former are largely three-room dwellings rented. for about .$6 per month, the latter one and two-room dwell- ings at an average monthly rent of Sf per room. The corporation owns coBsiderable real estate, a great part of which it has inherited from the mediaeval municipality. Its annual net income from that property exceeds $.500,000. The water-supplv has long been in the hands of the city. The old supply from Rivington be-. coming inadequate, the corporation <inder an act of Parliament acquired Lake Vyrnwy. from which it conveys the water through an- aqueduct 68 miles long. The work was completed in 1872 at a cost of about .$10,000,000, and the new source
