LIVER-ROT. 353 LIVII. and access allowed to rock salt. The reason for avoiding inundated or marshy localities is that the immature form of the liver-fluke, after pass- ing its preliminary stages in the bodies of water- snails, attaches itself to grass and other plants in such [daces, and thus gains entrance to the sheep along with the forage. See Fluke; Tbe- M-iTOIIA. LIVERSEDGE, llv'er-sej. A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, six miles southeast of Halifax (Map: England, E 3), and one mile west of Heckmondsville. Its impor- tance is due to its manufactures of iron, mill macliinery, woolen, cotton, and other goods. Population, in 1891, 13,670; in 1901, 14,000. LIV'ERSIDGE, Archibald (1847—). A British chcniist and mineralogist, born at Turn- ham Green. He studied at the Royal School of Jlines and the Royal College of Chemistry, and at Christ's College, Cambridge, and on finishing his course there was made university demonstra- tor in chemistry in 1870. Later he went to Aus- tralia, where he was appointed professor of chemistry and dean of the faculty of science in the University of Sydney. New South Wales. His publications include The Minerals of ew 8outh Woles and a Report Upon Technical Edu- cation and Museums. LIVERWORT. See Hepatic.e. One of the bryophites (q.v.). LIVERY (AF. lirree, Fr. livree, from Lat. Uberare, free ) toni liverie, liveree, OF. liveree, from ML. liberata, delivery, to deliver, set free, from liber, A word applied in its origin to the cus- which prevailed under Carolingian kings of delivering splendid habits to the members of their households on great festivals. In the days of chivalry the wearing of livery was not, as now, confined to the domestic servants. The duke's son as page to the prince wore the prince's livery, the earl's son bore the duke's colors and badge, the son of the esquire wore the liver}' of the knight, and the son of the gentleman that of the esquire. Cavaliers wore the livery of their mistresses. There was also a large class of armed retainers in livery attached to many of the more powerful nobles. In England this cus- tom became such a menace to strong govern- ment that in 1300 the statute of Livery and Maintenance was passed, forbidding any one save the King to give a suit of livery. The law, however, was evaded, and the evil continued until the time of the Tudors. The livery colors of a family are taken from their armorial bearings, being generally the tincture of the field and that of the principal charge; or, where the field has two tinctures, both are taken. The royal family of England have sometimes adopted colors vary- ing from the tinctures of the arms. The Plan- tagenets had scarlet and white; the House of York, murrey and blue; white and blue were adopted by the House of Lancaster; white and green by the Tudors; yellow and red by the Stuarts and by William III.; and scarlet and blue by the House of Hanover. An indispensable part of the livery in former times was the badge (q.v.). The freemen nf the difTerent trade guilds of London are c.illcd liverymen, entitled to wear the livery of their respective companies, and the companies pride themselves on the splendid ap- pearance which their liveries make in the civic train. LIVERY COMPANIES. See Guild; Liv- EBY. LIVERY OF SEISIN (delivery of posses- sion). In English law. the method by which the feoliineul, or ceremonial conveyance of land, was ellected. It was anciently requisite in all con- veyances of freehold estates, as these, being founded on an actual seisin, could not be trans- ferred otherwise than by a transfer of the seisin. In its original and characteristic form it was an open and notorious transaction, occurring on the land, the seller, in the presence of witnesses, handing to the buyer a twig or a clod of earth, in token of the land to be conveyed. This was knoy-n as a iivery in deed.' When it was not feasible to go upon the land, the same ceremony might be performed at a convenient place in view of the premises to be conveyed. Such livery, known as "livery in law,' was "equally valid as that performed on the land itself, but the feoff- ment or conveyance in that case was not com- plete unless the vendee entered upon the premises within the lifetime of the vendor. As livery was concerned with the transfer of the seisin, it had to do only with real property described as cor- poreal and not with incorporeal interests, such as easements, remainders, and the like. Livery of seisin no longer exists as a method of convey- ing real property, having everj^vhere been super- seded by deeds of conveyance. See Conveyance; Deed; Deliveky: Feoffmekt; Seisik. LI VIA DRXJSIL'LA( B.C. 56-a.d. 29). The wife of the Kuiiian Emperor Augustus. She was the daughter of L. Livius Drusus Claudianus. She was married to Ti. Claudius Nero, by whom she had two .sons, Tiberius (afterwards F.niperor) and Nero Drusus. But before tlic birth of the latter Augustus fell in love with her, divorced his own wife, Scribonia. and compelled Livia's hus- band to divorce her, and married her in B.C. 38. She was in many ways a remarkable woman, and her influence over the Emperor was great. She possessed .strength of character and consummate tact, and strove to please the Emperor in every way. The only source of discord was the ques- tion of succession to the throne, for Livia was ambitious for her son Tiberius, and her intrigues in his behalf rendered the later years of Augustus unhappy. Scandal attached to her name, and the suspicion was roused that the death of me Emperor's grandsons. Gains and Lucius, the logi- cal heirs, was brought about by the contrivance of Livia. Augustus, left without male descend- ants, was forced to adopt Tiberius in bis will. He died in a.d. 14, leaving the rc<|uest that Livia be adopted into his f/ens and called .Julia. Tiberius now became Emperor, hut Livin con- tinued to act as his guardian even in State mat- ters, being unwilling to lose the power and in- fluence she had gained. This proved excessively distasteful to Tiberius, who conceived a grow- ing dislike for her, and when she died at an ad- vanced age in A.D. 29, made no concealment of his satisfaction at her death. LIVII, livl-r. A Roman family of plebeian rank but great influence and power. The earliest consul from the gens Liria was Marcus Livius Denter. consul in B.C. 302. The later history of the family is closelv bound up with the history of the Empire. ( See Livia Dbusilla and Drusus. )
