LOBACHEVSKY. 367 LOBBY. ant. • He studied at Kazan, w here he became adjunct professor of mathematics in 1814 and professor in 1S16. He held this position for forty years, and for nineteen years he was rector of the university. In 1829-30 he published the first geometry which was not Ijased upon the Euclidean postulate of parallel lines (see the article GEOiiETBY ) , and thus became the founder of the Xon-Euclideau geometry. (.See also BoL- YAJ.) His works are as follows: Fiinciples of Geometry {original in Russian, 1829-30) ; Imaginary Geometry {original in Rvissian. 183.5) ;
' ;'• Principles of Geometry, with a Comiilete
Tleory of Parallels (original in Russian, 183.5- ~ : Geometrisehe Untersuchunycn zur Thc- ■ der ParaUellinien {.ori^inaX in German. 1840; - German ed. 1887. English trans. 1891); itgcometrie ou precis fonde stir une theorie •I' nerale et rigoureuse des paralleles (original in French, 18551. His complete works were edited by Janischevsky (1870), and have been translated by Hoiiel, Battaglini, and Halsted. A collection of his geometrical writings appeared in Kazan. The first volume of this collection, T>iiblished in 1883, contains Lobachevsky's Rus- u articles only and bears a Russian title; the lud and last volume, published in 1886, con- tains his French and German articles, and, be- sides the Russian title, bears also the following title in French: Collection complete des octirrcs qcomctricjues de S . I. Lobatcheffsky. Consult: " iiel, in the Bulletin des sciences mathematiques >79) ; VassiliefT, Eloge historique de Xicolas . Uatchersky (English trans. Austin. Tes.. !>'i4). For his geometry, consult Xeic Principles ijf Geometry, tcith Complete Theory of Parallels, translated from the Russian by Halsted (Austin, Tex., 1897). LOBANOFF-EOSTOVSKI, lo-ba'nof-rd-stof- . Prince Alexei Bori.sovitch (1825-96). A -~ian statesman. He entered one of the de- riments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in IS 14; became attache of the Russian Embassy at !:■ liin in 1850: and at the close of the Crimean
:ir became counsel to the legation at Constanti-
iiojile, where he was afterwards Minister Plenipo- . tentiary from 1859 to 1SG3. A scandal interrupted his diplomatic career for several years, after which he reentered public service in the Depart- ment of the Interior as Governor of Orel in 1866 and was Assistant Secretary of War in 1867- 68. He represented his Government at Constanti- nople. 1878-79; London, 1879-82; and Vienna, 1882-95. In January, 1895, he was appointed ^Minister Plenipotentiary to Germany, but never rted for Berlin, as on the death of M. de rs he became Minister of Foreign Affairs on ■ruary 26 (March 10) of the same year. His !icy was vigorous. He died suddenly while traveling to Kiev, August 30, 1896. LOBATT, lOljou. An island about five miles ■ ivr Vienna, in the Danvibe, noted for its con-
- ( tion with the battle of Aspern and Essling,
between Xapoleon I. and the Austrians under Archduke Charles (May 21-22, 1809). From Lobau Xapoleon threw bridges across both arms of the Danube, and crossed to the left bank on the 21st. On the night of the 22d the defeated French regained the island and held it imtil July 4th. when the river was again crossed, and the battle of Wagram was won on July 6th. liOBAtr, t>'hi/, Geoeges Moutos, Count de (1770-1838). A marshal of France. He was bom Febniary 21, 1770, of an obscure family at Pfalz- burg in Lorraine. In 1792 he entered the army as a private, and served with distinction in the armies of the North and of Italy, becoming in 1799 aide-de-camp to Joubert. I.^ter he attract- ed the attention of Xapoleon, who made him in 1805 his own aide-de-camp, and in this capacity he .served during Xapoleon's campaigns in Ger- many. In 1807 he became a general of division, and in 1808 he took a prominent part in the campaign in Spain. In 1809 he returned to Ger- many and distinguished himself especially at Landshut, and in the battle of Aspern (q.y. ),. where his brilliant assault on the village of Ess- ling enabled the French to recross the Danube in safety to the island of Lobau, for which service Xapoleon created him Count de Lobau. He was taken prisoner by the allied forces after the battle of Leipzig (1813), and returned to France only after the first Restoration. Having sup- ported Xapoleon after his escape from Elba, and fouglit at Ligny and Waterloo, he was not allowed to return to France tmtil 1818. After the Revo- lution of 1830 he became commander-in-chief of the Xational Guard, and was made marshal and peer of France in 1831. LOBBY (ML. lobia, lobium, lattbia, from OHG. lotiba, Ger. Laube, arbor, from OHG. loub Ger. Laiib. leaf). That part of the assembly hall of a legislative body where private persons arc per- mitted to enter for the purpose of consulting with members. In the political vocabularv- of the L'nited .States, the term refers also to the persons who frequent this place for the purpose of in- fluencing the votes of legislators. They are called 'lobbyists' and their business "lobbying.' One of the leading causes of the lobby in the United States is the method of legislation by committees, bills being first discussed by small committees and frequently approved by the legislature after little or no public debate. It may thus happen that a measure of importance to an individual or corporation may be carried through the legisla- ture without arousing the consideration which its real nature demands. This method enables power- ful interests to bring pressure to bear upon the legislative committee to induce a favorable report which could not be exerted eflTectively upon the legislative body as a whole. Corporate interests liabitually maintain experienced and influential lobbyists at American legislatures. The consti- tutions of most of the States of the L'nion have attempted to lessen the evil of illegitimate lob- bying by forbidding the legislature to enact laws of special application and by providing heax-y penalties for the offense of briberj-. Several States, notably California and Georgia, have gone even further and made the business of lobbying a felony pimishable by disfranchisement and dis- qualification from holding office, in addition to the regular penalty for felony. The constitutions of Xorth Dakota and Wyoming declare that the practice of log-rolling, which is really a form of lobbying, shall be treated as brilicry. while the Constitution of South Dakota requires of every member of the Legislature an oath that he has not accepted a free pass on a railroad for any vote which he may cast or influence which he may exercise in the enactment of any law. The courts have repeatedly held that contracts which may have for their object the influencing of legislatioa
