LOCKHAHT. 878 LOCKROY. satirical description of Edinburgh society. In 1818 he had made the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott, wliose daughter Sophia he married in 1820. Four novels now followed: alciius, a Roman tale, placed in the time of Trajan ( 1821 ) ; Adam Jllair (1822); Wrfiiiwld Dallun (1823); and Matthew ^'a^d (1824). Adum liluir is a powerful story on the theme to be treated later by Hawtliorne in The Scarlet Letter. In 1825 Loekhart became editor of the Quarterly I'evieif, and in 1843 auditor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In the interval lie wrote lAfe of Hums (1828) ; History of apoleon (1832); and the work by which he is best known, the Life of Hcolt (1S3G- 38). After HoswcU's Johnson, this is the most admirable biography in tl)e Knglish language. IxK'khart's last years were sadilcnod by domestic troubles, lie retired from the Quarterly (18.53), resigned the auditorship of Lancaster (1854), and died at Abbolsford, November 25, 1854. Con- sult the Life and Letters of Loekhart, by Lang (London, 1807). LOCK HAVEN. A city and the county-seat of Clintiin louiity. Pa., 28 nuiles wcst-soutliwcst of Williamspoit, on the west branch of the Sus- quehanna liivcr. and on branches of the Penn- sylvania Railroad and the Ueech Creek Kailroad (.Map: I'liiiisylvania. 1) 2). It is the seat of the Slate Central Normal School, and has a subscription library of 5000 volumes, a hospital, and a line court-house. The city is .surrounded by an agricultural and lumbering country, and its industries include several planing-mills, foimdries, tanneries, fire-brick and sewer-pipe works, a large silk-mill, and manufactures of furniture, paper, cigars, cigar-boxes, beer, etc. There are municipal water-works. Lock Haven was settled in 1700. and was incorporated as a town in 1833, as a Ixirnugh in 1S44, and as a city in 1870. Population, in ISllO, 73.")8; in 1900. 7210. LOCKJAW. An infectious bacterial disease. Sec 'IViAM s. LOCKOUT. The withdrawal of employment from a body of men who refuse to accede to the employer's conditions. The lockout is usually <listingiished from the strike on the ground that in the lockout it is the employer who directly causes the stoppage of operations, while in the strike the initiative lies with the men. The dis- tinction is wholly superficial, since the .workers, by demands that seem to the employer luircason- able, may really be responsible for the lockout, just as the employer, by the imposition of oner- ous conditions, may force a strike. For this reason most students of the labor ]iroblem are convinced that no purpose is served by the dis- tinction which is usually drawn between the two phenomena. For statistics of lockouts, see Strikes. Consult Report of the Industrial Com- mission, vol. xvii. (Washington, 1001). LOCK'PORT. A city and the county-scat of Niajrara Cnunty. X. Y.. 2G miles north by cast of I'.ull'alo, on the Erie C:ina]. and on the New York Central and Hudson River and the Erie railroads (ilap: New York, B 2). The canal, here crossed by the New York Central Railroad bridge, 500 feet in length and (iO feet above water, passes over the eontiniiation of the Niagara escarpment. 60 feet in height at this point, by means of a double tier of five locks, each with a lift of 12 feet. The city has extensive quarries of lime- stone and sandstone, a large trade in grain and fruit, and manutactories of Holly waterworks machinery, milling anil wood-working machinery, indurated tibre, [lulp and paper, aluminum, gla.--. Ihmr, brooms, cotton batting, carriages, rollini;- mill products, etc. The government is admin istered, under a charter revised in 1900. by a tn.ayor, elected every two years, wlio c<nitr<ils appointments to the boards of health, fire, pulici'. water, assessors, and phnnbing, and by a uni cameral council, composed of the executive and ten aldermen, four of the aldermen being elected at large. Administrative officials other than those mentioned are chosen by popular election. The city owns and operates the waterworks. Popvilation, in 1890, UI,03S ; in 1900. Ui..')Sl. A settlement sprang up here when the Erie Canal ■was opened (1825). The village was incorpo- rated in 1829, and the city in 1805. Consult Pool. Landmarks of Niagara County (Syracuse, 1S97). LOCKROY, lo'krwii' (properly Simon), Edoiaud Etiknne Axtoi.ne (1838 — j. A French journalist and politician. He was the son of the dramatist .losepli Philippe Simon Lockroy ( 1S03- 91), and was born in Paris. In 1800 he went to Italy and fought under Garibaldi in the Sicil- ian campaign. Soon afterwards he accompanied Rcnan as secretary on his travels throi^h Pal- estine (1800-04). Upon his return to Paris he began his journalistic career, and contributed to the Fiijaro and the Diahle a Quulrc. His articles in Jjc liappel resulted in his being im- prisoned for four months (1869). He was a member of the National Assembly in 1871. Dur- ing the troubles of the Commune he was ar- rested and was again imprisoned for a few months. A year later, when editor of Le Pen- pie Houvrain, he was imi)risoned for his duel with Pavil de Cassagnac, and again for an ar- ticle in La Liberation du Terriloire (1873). In the same year he was elected to the National Assembly as a member of the Extreme Left. He was Minister of Ccmunerce and Industry (1880- 87) and Minister of Public Instruction" (1SS8). and he directed the formation of the Univers:il Exposition of 1889. He was twice vice-presicleut of the Chamber (1889 and 1893) as head of the Radical Party, and afterwards Minister of Jla- rine (1895-96). Some of his numerous contri- butions to the journals and magazines have been gathered into the following volumes: A ban le proqris (1870); La Commune et VAssemhUe (1871); L'Ue revoltec (1877): and .4 Am rd le houcher (1888). He also edited the menmirs of his grandmother, Mme. .Tullien. as the Journal d'line bourgeoise pendant la Efvolution, 1701-93 (1881). LOCKROY, .TosEPiT Puiuppe Simox (1803- 91). A French dramatic author, born at Turin. He received an excellent literary edu- cation, went on the stage as a youth, and was a successful actor. His first attempts in play- writing were in collaboration with Scribe, in La nuirraine (18271, and Catherine 11. (1831) : his next with A. P.ourgeois and Arnould. in L'ini- pf-ratriee et la juive (1834) : La rieilles.ie d'nn firand roi (1837) : and ha jeunesse doree (18491. He was credited with a considerable share in Dumas's drama La eonscience (1855), and was joint author of ha fee Cnrahosse (Lyric Theatre. 1859), and the comic operas Ondine (Lyric,
