LAWRENCE. 31 LAWBENCE. the Union Pacific railroads (Map: Kansas, G 3). The city is well laid out. with wide streets, and has many attractive buildings. It is the seat of the State University (see K.xsA.s. Uxi- VEK.SITV OF), founded in 1866 on Mount Oread, and of the Haskell Institute, a United States Government Industrial School of Indians, which oecu])ies a site of 600 acres. Bismarck Grove, a park including 240 acres, is only a short dis- tance outside the city limits. Lawrence is im- portant as a commercial centre, and its manu-- facturing interests, which are considerable, are promoted by excellent water-power. The indus- trial establishments include flouring and jiaper mills, sash and door factories, a foundry and machine-shop, wire-fence and nail works, and a large creamery. Lawrence ( named in honor of Amos A. Lawrence) was the first of the "free- State' towns founded by the Emigrant Aid So- ciety in 18.54, immediately after the passage of the Kansas-Xebraska Bill (q.v. ), and was for .several years the headquarters of the Anti- Slavery Party in Kansas. In Xovember and December, 18.55, during the so-called "Wakarusa W ar' it was besieged for a short time by a force of pro-slavery men: and on May 21, 1856, it was occupied and partially destroyed by another pro- slavery force. On August 21, 186.3. a body of Confederate raiders under Quantrell almost com- pletelv destroyed it. and killed 12.3 of its citi- zens. "Population, in 1890, 9997; in 1900, 10,862. See Kansas. LAWRENCE. An important manufacturing city and nne of the county-seats of Essex County, Ma.ss., 26 miles northwest of Boston; on both sides of the ilerrimac River, and on several branches of the Boston and Maine Railroad (-Map: Massachusetts, E 2). It includes the vil- lages of Arlington District. Carltonville. and Hallsville. The Merrimae at this point has a descent of 26 feet in half a mile, affording water- power estimated at 10.000 horse-power, controlled by a dam of solid granite. 900 feet long and 30 feet high, thrown across the rapids, and by canals on each side of the river, the first of which was opened in 1848. The Pacific. Atlantic. Washing- ton. .rIington. Everett, and Pemberton are the principal mills producing textiles, among which are included shirtings, calicoes, shawls, worsted dress-goods, cassimeres. flannels, broadcloths, cambrics, duck, etc. Other manufactures are paper, paper-mill machinery, foundry products, carriages, doors, sash and blinds, engines, boil- ers, beltings, and Archibald wheels. The city has the Essex County Truant School. Children's Home. Cottage and Lawrence Hospitals, a public library of over 50.000 volumes, and a large com- mon and other public parks. There are also sev- eral bridges across the river, libraries for opera- tives in the principal mills, numerous pri"ate charitable institutions, and a number of county buildings. The government is vested in a mayor, annually elected: a bicameral council, and sub- ordinate administrative departments, as follows: fire department and board of health, appointed by the executive subject to the consent of the board of aldermen : water board, elected by the council : and pauper department, superintendent of streets, and school committee, chosen by popu- lar election. The city spends annually, in mainte- nance and operation, over .$800,000. the principal amounts being about .$170,000 for schools, .$65,000 for charitable institutions, $60,000 for the water- works, $60,000 for the police department, $55,- 000 for the fire department, and .$40,000 for the health department. Population, in 1850, 8282; in 1860, 17,6.3'); in 1870, 28.921; in 1880, 39,- 1.51; in 1890, 44,654; in 1900, 62,559, including 28,600 persons of foreign birth, and 87 of negro descent. Lawrence was created by act of the Legislature, March 20, 184.5, out of parts of Methuen and Andover, and was incorporated as a city Jlay 10. 1853. On January 10. 1860, the Pemberton !Mill, five stories liigh, suddenly fell, and soon afterwards caught fire. Of the 700 per- sons in the mill, 100 were killed, and many more .seriously injured. Consult Wadsworth, History of Linrrijitrr^ Mass. (Lawrence, 1880). LAWRENCE, Abbott (1792-1855). An Aniciicau merchant, legislator, and diplomat. He wa.s born in Groton, Mass.; was educated in a district school, and at the Groton Academy (now the Lawrence Academy) ; removed to Bos- ton in 1808, and there served an apprenticeship in the warehouse of his elder brother. Amos, with whom in 1814 he founded the famous firm of A. & A. Lawrence. Lawrence also took an active interest in several railroad enterprises; was president of the Essex Company, which in 1845 founded Lawrence, Mass. (named in his honor), and toward the latter part of his life was largely engaged in the China trade. From 1834 to 1837, and again from 1839 to 1840, when ill health forced him to resign, he was a member of Congress: and in 1842 he was one of the com- missioners of Massachusetts, who coiiperated with the commissioners of !Maine, and with Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, in ne- gotiating the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (q.v.) concerning the northeast boundary of the United States, with England's repre,sentative. Lord Ash- burton. He was L'nited States Minister to England in President Taylor's Administration, in which capacity he rendered important .services to the country, and became widely popular with the English people, though in 1852, wishing to devote his attention wholly to his business interests, he was recalled at his own request. He made many donations to charitable institutions, and in 1847 contributed .$.50,000 for the estab- lishment of a scientific .school at Harvard, which was named in his honor, and to which by will he subsequently contributed another $50,000. He left a like sum for the erection of model lodging- houses for the poor, the surplus income from which was to be forever applied to charitable purposes. Considt Hill, Memoir of Abbott Lair- rnirr (Boston. 1883). LAWRENCE, Amos (1786-1852). An Ameri- can merchant and manufacturer, born at Groton, Mass., and educated at the Groton Academy founded there by his father. After working as a clerk for several years, he embarked (1807) in the dry-goods business on his own account in Boston. In 1814 he formed a partnership with his brother. Abbott Lawrence (q.v.). and the firm became the foremost wholesale mercantile es- tablishment in the country. He is best known for his connection with the cotton manufactur- ing industry in Xew England, the cities of Lawrence and Lowell owing their preeminence in this branch of industry largely to his eff'orts. Ill health compelled hini to retire from active participation in business in 1831. and the later years of his life were spent largely in furthering various philanthropic enterprises. He eontrib-
